If every nation agrees to limit CO2 emissions, we can achieve significant cuts on a global scale.

2009 United Nations Climate Change Conference:37

To cut carbon emissions by 25% below 2000 levels by 2020 if the world agrees to an ambitious global deal to stabilise levels of CO2e to 450 ppm or lower.

2009 United Nations Climate Change Conference:66

To reduce emissions between 10% to 20% below 1990 levels by 2020 if a global agreement is secured that limits carbon dioxide equivalent (CO2e) to 450 ppm and temperature increases to 2 °C, effective rules on forestry, and New Zealand having access to international carbon markets.

Climate change mitigation

Cost-effective 2 °C scenarios project annual global greenhouse gas emissions to peak before the year 2020, with deep cuts in emissions thereafter, leading to a reduction in 2050 of 41% compared to 1990 levels.

Climate change mitigation

"Cut Global Emissions by 7.6 Percent Every Year for Next Decade to Meet 1.5°C Paris Target - UN Report".

Paris Agreement

To limit global temperature rise to 1.5 °C, the global annual emission reduction needed is 7.6% emissions reduction every year between 2020 and 2030.


The actual data show high northern latitudes are warmer today than in 1940.

Effects of global warming

It is, however, expected that future warming will follow a similar geographical pattern to that seen already, with greatest warming over land and high northern latitudes, and least over the Southern Ocean and parts of the North Atlantic Ocean.

Eocene

The polar stratospheric clouds had a warming effect on the poles, increasing temperatures by up to 20 °C in the winter months.

Global warming

Multiple independently produced instrumental datasets confirm that the 2009–2018 decade was 0.93 ± 0.07 °C warmer than the pre-industrial baseline (1850–1900).

Global warming

The period from 1983 to 2012 was likely the warmest 30-year period of the last 1400 years in the Northern Hemisphere, where such assessment is possible (medium confidence).

Physical impacts of climate change

Changes in regional climate are expected to include greater warming over land, with most warming at high northern latitudes, and least warming over the Southern Ocean and parts of the North Atlantic Ocean.


When you account for all of the costs associated with burning coal and other fossil fuels, like air pollution and health effects, in reality they are significantly more expensive than most renewable energy sources.

Air pollution

Even in the areas with relatively low levels of air pollution, public health effects can be significant and costly, since a large number of people breathe in such pollutants.

Fossil fuel

Fossil fuel prices generally are below their actual costs, or their "efficient prices," when economic externalities, such as the costs of air pollution and global climate destruction, are taken into account.

Fossil fuel

Artificial gasolines and other renewable energy sources currently require more expensive production and processing technologies than conventional petroleum reserves, but may become economically viable in the near future.

Nuclear power

Today's primary sources of energy are mainly non-renewable: natural gas, oil, coal, peat, and conventional nuclear power.

Renewable energy

It would also reduce environmental pollution such as air pollution caused by burning of fossil fuels and improve public health, reduce premature mortalities due to pollution and save associated health costs that amount to several hundred billion dollars annually only in the United States.


Global sea level data shows that sea level rise has been increasing since 1880 while future sea level rise predictions are based on physics, not statistics.

Sea level rise

Using different satellites from 1992 to 2017 shows melt is increasing significantly over this period.

Sea level rise

For instance, Mercer published a study in 1978 predicting that anthropogenic carbon dioxide warming and its potential effects on climate in the 21st century could cause a sea level rise of around 5 metres (16 ft) from melting of the West Antarctic ice-sheet alone.

Sea level rise

This network was used, in combination with satellite altimeter data, to establish that global mean sea-level rose 19.5 cm (7.7 in) between 1870 and 2004 at an average rate of about 1.44 mm/yr (1.7 mm/yr during the 20th century).

Sea level rise

This is an important confirmation of climate change simulations which predicted that sea level rise would accelerate in response to global warming.

Sea level rise

As climate research into past and present sea levels leads to improved computer models, projections have consistently increased.


Humans are small but powerful, and human CO2 emissions are causing global warming.

Carbon dioxide

Since the Industrial Revolution anthropogenic emissions – primarily from use of fossil fuels and deforestation – have rapidly increased its concentration in the atmosphere, leading to global warming.

Global warming

CO2 emissions are continuing to rise due to the burning of fossil fuels and land-use change.

Global warming

Human activity since the Industrial Revolution has increased the amount of greenhouse gases in the atmosphere, leading to increased radiative forcing from CO2, methane, tropospheric ozone, CFCs, and nitrous oxide.

Global warming

The largest human influence has been the emission of greenhouse gases such as carbon dioxide, methane, and nitrous oxide.

Greenhouse gas

Cumulative anthropogenic (i.e., human-emitted) emissions of CO 2 from fossil fuel use are a major cause of global warming, and give some indication of which countries have contributed most to human-induced climate change.


Lindzen and Choi’s paper is viewed as unacceptably flawed by other climate scientists.

Global warming controversy

Judith Curry has said "This is a completely unconvincing analysis", whereas Naomi Oreskes said that the paper shows "the vast majority of working [climate] research scientists are in agreement [on climate change]... Those who don't agree, are, unfortunately—and this is hard to say without sounding elitist—mostly either not actually climate researchers or not very productive researchers."

Richard Lindzen

It received considerable media coverage; 22 then- current or retired MIT professors promptly issued an open letter addressed to Trump saying that Lindzen’s petition doesn’t represent their views or those of the vast majority of other climate scientists.

Richard Lindzen

This claim was criticized by climatologist Gavin Schmidt, Director of NASA's Goddard Institute for Space Studies, who notes the more generally-accepted understanding of the effects of the Iris effect and cites empirical cases where large and relatively rapid changes in the climate such as El Niño events, the Ultra-Plinian eruption of Mount Pinatubo in 1991, and recent trends in global temperature and water vapor levels to show that, as predicted in the generally-accepted view, water vapor increases as the temperature increases, and decreases as temperatures decrease.

Richard Lindzen

Lindzen and Choi revised their paper and submitted it to PNAS.

Richard Lindzen

Andrew Dessler published a paper which found errors in Lindzen and Choi 2011, and concluded that the observations it had presented "are not in fundamental disagreement with mainstream climate models, nor do they provide evidence that clouds are causing climate change.


The iris hypothesis has not withstood the test of time - subsequent research

Confirmation bias

Wason accepted falsificationism, according to which a scientific test of a hypothesis is a serious attempt to falsify it.

Cretaceous–Paleogene extinction event

Current research cannot ascertain whether the extinctions occurred prior to, or during, the boundary interval.

Global warming controversy

"A scientific hypothesis is tested to absolute destruction, but medicine can't wait.

Type I and type II errors

Mathematics portal Binary classification Detection theory Egon Pearson Ethics in mathematics False positive paradox Family-wise error rate Information retrieval performance measures Neyman–Pearson lemma Null hypothesis Probability of a hypothesis for Bayesian inference Precision and recall Prosecutor's fallacy Prozone phenomenon Receiver operating characteristic Sensitivity and specificity Statisticians' and engineers' cross-reference of statistical terms Testing hypotheses suggested by the data Type III error "Explorable - Think Outside The Box - Research, Experiments, Psychology, Self-Help".

Type I and type II errors

The results of such testing determine whether a particular set of results agrees reasonably (or does not agree) with the speculated hypothesis.


A large amount of warming is delayed, and if we don’t act now we could pass tipping points.

Climate engineering

Climate change may cross tipping points where elements of the climate system may 'tip' from one stable state to another stable state, much like a glass tipping over.

Global warming

A concern is that self-reinforcing feedbacks will lead to a tipping point, where global temperatures transition to a hothouse climate state even if greenhouse gas emissions are reduced or eliminated.

Sea level rise

Both the Greenland ice sheet and Antarctica have tipping points for warming levels that could be reached before the end of the 21st century.

Sea level rise

Quantifying the exact temperature change for which this tipping point is crossed remains controversial.

Sea level rise

"A tipping point in refreezing accelerates mass loss of Greenland's glaciers and ice caps".


Jim Hansen had several possible scenarios; his mid-level scenario B was right.

James Hansen

They described the intermediate scenario as the most likely, and that real-world greenhouse gas forcing had been closest to this scenario.

James Hansen

In 2000 Hansen authored a paper called "Global warming in the twenty-first century: an alternative scenario" in which he presented a more optimistic way of dealing with global warming, focusing on non-CO2 gases and black carbon in the short run, giving more time to make reductions in fossil fuel emissions.

James Hansen

They described a business-as-usual scenario, which has greenhouse gases growing at approximately 2% per year; and an alternate scenario, in which greenhouse gases concentrations decline.

James Hansen

An alternate scenario would keep the warming to below this if climate sensitivity were below 3 °C for doubled CO 2.

Scenario planning

How do we know if we have the right scenarios?


Volcanoes have had no warming effect in recent global warming - if anything, a cooling effect.

Greenhouse effect

The greenhouse effect is the process by which radiation from a planet's atmosphere warms the planet's surface to a temperature above what it would be without this atmosphere.

Ice age

The reflection of energy into space resulted in a global cooling, triggering the Pleistocene Ice Age.

Michael E. Mann

This cooling had contributed towards the recent Global warming hiatus in surface temperatures, and would change to enhanced surface warming in the next phase of the oscillation.

Nuclear winter

Impact winter Laki, 1783 eruption of an Icelandic volcano which produced continentally localized cooling for 1–2 years.

Volcano

The 1815 eruption of Mount Tambora created global climate anomalies that became known as the "Year Without a Summer" because of the effect on North American and European weather.


Arctic sea ice has shrunk by an area equal to Western Australia, and summer or multi-year sea ice might be all gone within a decade.

Arctic Ocean

Research shows that the Arctic may become ice-free in the summer for the first time in human history by 2040.

Arctic Ocean

The summer shrinking of the ice has been quoted at 50%.

Arctic sea ice decline

Sometime during the 21st century, sea ice may effectively cease to exist during the summer.

Arctic sea ice decline

"Some of the models suggest that there is a 75 percent chance that the entire north polar ice cap during some of the summer months will be completely ice-free within the next five to seven years," Gore said.

Arctic

About half of the analyzed models show near-complete to complete sea ice loss in September by the year 2100.


The claim sea level isn’t rising is based on blatantly doctored graphs contradicted by observations.

IPCC Fourth Assessment Report

The mid-points of the sea level rise estimates are within ±10% of those from the TAR; but the range has narrowed.

Past sea level

The current rise in sea level observed from tide gauges, of about 1.8 mm/yr, is within the estimate range from the combination of factors above, but active research continues in this field.

Sea level rise

Semi-empirical sea level models rely on statistical techniques, using relationships between observed (contributions to) global mean sea level and global mean temperature.

Sea level rise

For instance, Mercer published a study in 1978 predicting that anthropogenic carbon dioxide warming and its potential effects on climate in the 21st century could cause a sea level rise of around 5 metres (16 ft) from melting of the West Antarctic ice-sheet alone.

Sea-level curve

Their sea-level curve was based on seismic and biostratigraphic data accumulated during petroleum exploration.


The IPCC simply updated their temperature history graphs to show the best data available at the time.

Hockey stick controversy

This decadal summer temperature reconstruction, together with a separate curve plotting instrumental thermometer data from the 1850s onwards, was featured as Figure 3.20 in the IPCC Second Assessment Report (SAR) of 1996.

Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change:113

They judge that global mean surface air temperature has increased by 0.3 to 0.6 °C over the last 100 years, broadly consistent with prediction of climate models, but also of the same magnitude as natural climate variability.

Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change:270

This graph extended the similar graph in Figure 3.20 from the IPCC Second Assessment Report of 1995, and differed from a schematic in the first assessment report that lacked temperature units, but appeared to depict larger global temperature variations over the past 1000 years, and higher temperatures during the Medieval Warm Period than the mid 20th century.

Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change:277

These studies were widely presented as demonstrating that the current warming period is exceptional in comparison to temperatures between 1000 and 1900, and the MBH99 based graph featured in publicity.

Temperature record of the past 1000 years:46

This was the basis of a "schematic diagram" featured in the IPCC First Assessment Report beside cautions that the medieval warming might not have been global.


An independent inquiry found CRU is a small research unit with limited resources and their rigour and honesty are not in doubt.

Climatic Research Unit email controversy:160

The Science and Technology Select Committee inquiry reported on 31 March 2010 that it had found that "the scientific reputation of Professor Jones and CRU remains intact".

Climatic Research Unit email controversy:192

Describing its report as "hugely positive", he stated that "it is especially important that, despite a deluge of allegations and smears against the CRU, this independent group of utterly reputable scientists have concluded that there was no evidence of any scientific malpractice."

Climatic Research Unit email controversy:224

The "rigour and honesty" of the scientists at the Climatic Research Unit were found not to be in doubt.

Climatic Research Unit email controversy:86

The panel did not seek to evaluate the science itself, but rather whether "the conclusions [reached by the CRU] represented an honest and scientifically justified interpretation of the data".

Rigour

Intellectual rigour is a subset of intellectual honesty—a practice of thought in which ones convictions are kept in proportion to valid evidence.


Benny Peiser, the Oreskes critic, retracted his criticism.

Benny Peiser

One of his main points of criticism is that the vast majority of the abstracts referred to in the study do not mention anthropogenic climate change, and only 13 of the 928 abstracts explicitly endorse what Oreskes called the "consensus view".

Benny Peiser

Peiser later admitted that it was a mistake to include one of the papers in his survey and said that his main criticism of Oreskes' essay its "claim of a unanimous consensus on anthropogenic global warming (APG) (as opposed to a majority consensus) is tenuous" and that it still was valid.

Benny Peiser

In a 2006, letter to Australia's Media Watch, Peiser explained that he had retracted 97% of his original critique and elaborated on some of his comments: "I do not think anyone is questioning that we are in a period of global warming.

Benny Peiser

Well when we first contacted him two weeks ago he told us..." "Only [a] few abstracts explicitly reject or doubt the AGW (anthropogenic global warming) consensus which is why I have publicly withdrawn this point of my critique."

Naomi Oreskes

Oreskes' 2004 "Beyond the Ivory Tower" essay was challenged by British social anthropologist Benny Peiser, who eventually retracted his challenge, admitting he had only found one paper rejecting anthropogenic climate change, published by American Association of Petroleum Geologists (see also Benny Peiser § Objections to Oreskes essay).


Trenberth is talking about the details of energy flow, not whether global warming is happening.

El Niño–Southern Oscillation

The ENSO is considered to be a potential tipping element in Earth's climate and, under the global warming, can enhance or alternate regional climate extreme events through a strengthened teleconnection.

El Niño–Southern Oscillation

"Shifts in ENSO coupling processes under global warming".

Global warming

There has been no upward trend in the amount of the Sun's energy reaching the Earth, so it cannot be responsible for the current warming.

Kevin E. Trenberth

In an interview, Trenberth said, "The planet is warming", but "the warmth just isn't being manifested at the surface."

Kevin E. Trenberth

In a 2009 paper, "An imperative for climate change planning: tracking Earth's global energy", Trenberth discussed the distribution of heat and how it was affected by climate forcing, including greenhouse gas changes.


Melting ice leads to more sunlight being absorbed by water, thus heating the Arctic.

Arctic National Wildlife Refuge

The Arctic gradually loses snow and ice, bare rock and water absorb more and more of the sun's energy, making the Arctic even warmer.

Arctic sea ice decline

Arctic Sea ice melts in the summer, and more of the sun is being absorbed by the ocean.

Arctic sea ice decline

The fast rate of the sea ice melting is resulting in the oceans absorbing and heating up the Arctic.

Climate change in the Arctic

The primary cause of this phenomenon is ice-albedo feedback, where by melting ice uncovers darker land or ocean beneath, which then absorbs more sunlight, causing more heating.

Global warming

Not only does this increase the absorption of sunlight, it also increases melting and sea level rise.


Temperature errors in the Great Lakes region are not used in any global temperature records.

Lake Superior

[citation needed] This variation in temperature makes the lake seasonally stratigraphic.

Little Ice Age

The Siple Dome (SD) had a climate event with an onset time that is coincident with that of the Little Ice Age in the North Atlantic based on a correlation with the GISP2 record.

Little Ice Age

This trend could be extrapolated to continue into the future, possibly leading to a full ice age, but the twentieth-century instrumental temperature record shows a sudden reversal of this trend, with a rise in global temperatures attributed to greenhouse gas emissions.

Permafrost

This is evident from temperature measurements in boreholes in North America and Europe.

Precipitation

As a result, the modern global record of precipitation largely depends on satellite observations.


Multiple lines of evidence make it very clear that the rise in atmospheric CO2 is due to human emissions.

Global warming

CO2 emissions are continuing to rise due to the burning of fossil fuels and land-use change.

Global warming

Global anthropogenic greenhouse gas emissions in 2010 were equivalent to 49 billion tonnes of carbon dioxide (using the most recent global warming potentials over 100 years from the AR5 report).

Greenhouse gas

The sharp acceleration in CO 2 emissions since 2000 to more than a 3% increase per year (more than 2 ppm per year) from 1.1% per year during the 1990s is attributable to the lapse of formerly declining trends in carbon intensity of both developing and developed nations.

Scientific consensus on climate change:115

Scientific consensus on climate change

The spatial and temporal fingerprint of warming can be traced to increasing greenhouse gas concentrations in the atmosphere, which are a direct result of burning fossil fuels, broad-scale deforestation and other human activity.

Scientific consensus on climate change:692

Scientific consensus on climate change

While ‘climate change’ can be due to natural forces or human activity, there is now substantial evidence to indicate that human activity – and specifically increased greenhouse gas (GHGs) emissions – is a key factor in the pace and extent of global temperature increases.


That humans are causing the rise in atmospheric CO2 is confirmed by multiple isotopic analyses.

Carbon dioxide in Earth's atmosphere:140

Carbon dioxide in Earth's atmosphere

While CO 2 absorption and release is always happening as a result of natural processes, the recent rise in CO 2 levels in the atmosphere is known to be mainly due to human (anthropogenic) activity.

Carbon dioxide

Increases in atmospheric concentrations of CO 2 and other long-lived greenhouse gases such as methane, nitrous oxide and ozone have correspondingly strengthened their absorption and emission of infrared radiation, causing the rise in average global temperature since the mid-20th century.

Global warming controversy

Analysis of carbon isotopes in atmospheric CO 2 shows that the recent observed CO 2 increase cannot have come from the oceans, volcanoes, or the biosphere, and thus is not a response to rising temperatures as would be required if the same processes creating past lags were active now.

Global warming

Higher atmospheric CO2 concentrations have led to an increase in dissolved CO2, which causes ocean acidification.

Global warming


CO2 levels are rising so fast that unless we decrease emissions, global warming will accelerate this century.

Carbon dioxide

Since the Industrial Revolution anthropogenic emissions – primarily from use of fossil fuels and deforestation – have rapidly increased its concentration in the atmosphere, leading to global warming.

Global warming

Between 1993 and 2017, the global mean sea level rose on average by 3.1 ± 0.3 mm per year, with an acceleration detected as well.

Global warming

Global warming

In some scenarios emissions continue to rise over the century, while others have reduced emissions.

Global warming

To keep warming below 2 °C, more stringent emission reductions in the near-term would allow for less rapid reductions after 2030.


Peer-reviewed research, physics, and math all tell us that a grand solar minimum would have no more than a 0.3°C cooling effect, barely enough to put a dent in human-caused global warming.

Global warming

Climate model projections summarized in the report indicated that during the 21st century the global surface temperature is likely to rise a further 0.3 to 1.7 °C (0.5 to 3.1 °F) in a moderate scenario, or as much as 2.6 to 4.8 °C (4.7 to 8.6 °F) in an extreme scenario, depending on the rate of future greenhouse gas emissions and on climate feedback effects.

Scientific consensus on climate change

Scientific consensus on climate change:144

Scientific consensus on climate change

International Council of Academies of Engineering and Technological Sciences (CAETS) in 2007, issued a Statement on Environment and Sustainable Growth: As reported by the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC), most of the observed global warming since the mid-20th century is very likely due to human-produced emission of greenhouse gases and this warming will continue unabated if present anthropogenic emissions continue or, worse, expand without control.

Scientific consensus on climate change:150

Scientific consensus on climate change

Human-caused increases in greenhouse gases are responsible for most of the observed global average surface warming of roughly 0.8 °C (1.5 °F) over the past 140 years.

Scientific consensus on climate change:77

Scientific consensus on climate change

Human activities, primarily the burning of fossil fuels (coal, oil, and natural gas), and secondarily the clearing of land, have increased the concentration of carbon dioxide, methane, and other heat-trapping ("greenhouse") gases in the atmosphere...There is international scientific consensus that most of the warming observed over the last 50 years is attributable to human activities.


Preventing global warming is relatively cheap; business-as-usual will cause accelerating climate damage costs that economists struggle to even estimate.

Climate change mitigation

Many economists estimate the cost of climate change mitigation at between 1% and 2% of GDP.

Effects of global warming

Researchers have warned that current economic modeling may seriously underestimate the impact of potentially catastrophic climate change and point to the need for new models that give a more accurate picture of potential damages.

Effects of global warming

Global losses reveal rapidly rising costs due to extreme weather-related events since the 1970s.

Effects of global warming

The total economic impacts from climate change are difficult to estimate.

Global warming

"Large potential reduction in economic damages under UN mitigation targets".


The global trend is calculated from hundreds of CO2 measuring stations and confirmed by satellites.

Carbon dioxide in Earth's atmosphere:180

Carbon dioxide in Earth's atmosphere

AIRS aboard NASA's Aqua satellite makes global XCO2 measurements and was launched shortly after ENVISAT in 2012.

Carbon dioxide in Earth's atmosphere:181

Carbon dioxide in Earth's atmosphere

More recent satellites have significantly improved the data density and precision of global measurements.

Global dimming

The brightening trend is corroborated by other data, including satellite analyses.

Sea level rise

More precise data gathered from satellite radar measurements reveal an accelerating rise of 7.5 cm (3.0 in) from 1993 to 2017, which is a trend of roughly 30 cm (12 in) per century.

Sea level rise

This network was used, in combination with satellite altimeter data, to establish that global mean sea-level rose 19.5 cm (7.7 in) between 1870 and 2004 at an average rate of about 1.44 mm/yr (1.7 mm/yr during the 20th century).


The CERN CLOUD experiment only tested one-third of one out of four requirements necessary to blame global warming on cosmic rays, and two of the other requirements have already failed.

Attribution of recent climate change:240

Attribution of recent climate change

(2009): The CLOUD experiments at CERN are interesting research but do not provide conclusive evidence that cosmic rays can serve as a major source of cloud seeding.

CLOUD experiment

This result does not support the hypothesis that cosmic rays significantly affect climate, although a CERN press release states that neither does it "rule out a role for cosmic radiation" in climate.

CLOUD experiment

Although its design is optimised to address the cosmic ray question, (as posed by Henrik Svensmark and colleagues in 1997) CLOUD allows as well to measure aerosol nucleation and growth under controlled laboratory conditions.

CLOUD experiment

Although they observe that a fraction of cloud nuclei is effectively produced by ionisation due to the interaction of cosmic rays with the constituents of Earth atmosphere, this process is insufficient to attribute all of the present climate modifications to the fluctuations of the cosmic rays intensity modulated by changes in the solar activity and Earth magnetosphere.

Climate change (general concept)

To test the hypothesis, CERN designed the CLOUD experiment, which showed the effect of cosmic rays is too weak to influence climate noticeably.


Venus very likely underwent a runaway or ‘moist’ greenhouse phase earlier in its history, and today is kept hot by a dense CO2 atmosphere.

Greenhouse effect

The planet Venus experienced runaway greenhouse effect, resulting in an atmosphere which is 96% carbon dioxide, with surface atmospheric pressure roughly the same as found 900 m (3,000 ft) underwater on Earth.

Venus

It may have had water oceans in the past, but these would have vaporized as the temperature rose due to a runaway greenhouse effect.

Venus

Conditions on the Venusian surface differ radically from those on Earth because its dense atmosphere is 96.5% carbon dioxide, with most of the remaining 3.5% being nitrogen.

Venus

The CO 2-rich atmosphere generates the strongest greenhouse effect in the Solar System, creating surface temperatures of at least 735 K (462 °C; 864 °F).

Venus

Studies have suggested that billions of years ago, Venus's atmosphere was much more like the one surrounding Earth, and that there may have been substantial quantities of liquid water on the surface, but after a period of 600 million to several billion years, a runaway greenhouse effect was caused by the evaporation of that original water, which generated a critical level of greenhouse gases in its atmosphere.


If anyone claims to be part of the 97 percent, it means they disagree with the contrarian argument that humans are having a minimal impact on global warming.

Climate change denial

"Climate change skepticism" and "climate change denial" refer to denial, dismissal or unwarranted doubt of the scientific consensus on the rate and extent of global warming, its significance, or its connection to human behavior, in whole or in part.

Climate change denial

Although the figure is less than in earlier polls, 39 percent of those asked say there is "a lot of disagreement among climate scientists" on the basic question of whether the planet is warming; 42 percent say there is a lot of disagreement that human activities are a major cause of global warming.

Climate change denial

Among papers expressing a position on AGW, an overwhelming percentage (97.2% based on self-ratings, 97.1% based on abstract ratings) endorses the scientific consensus on AGW.

Global warming controversy

The authors found that 3974 of the abstracts expressed a position on anthropogenic global warming, and that 97.1% of those endorsed the consensus that humans are causing global warming.

Global warming

In a 2019 CBS poll, 64% of the US population said that climate change is a "crisis" or a "serious problem", with 44% saying human activity was a significant contributor.


Thousands of coral atolls have "drowned" when unable to grow fast enough to survive at sea level.

Kiribati

Maldives

The Maldives consists of 1,192 coral islands grouped in a double chain of 26 atolls, along the north-south direction, spread over roughly 90,000 square kilometres (35,000 sq mi), making this one of the world's most dispersed countries.

Maldives

More than 80 per cent of the country's land is composed of coral islands which rise less than one metre above sea level.

Micronesia

When the volcano sinks back down into the sea, the coral continues to grow, keeping the reef at or above water level.

Tuvalu

The atolls have shown resilience to gradual sea-level rise, with atolls and reef islands being able to grow under current climate conditions by generating sufficient sand and coral debris that accumulates and gets dumped on the islands during cyclones.


Internal variability can only account for small amounts of warming and cooling over periods of decades, and scientific studies have consistently shown that it cannot account for the global warming over the past century.

Attribution of recent climate change

Attribution of recent climate change is the effort to scientifically ascertain mechanisms responsible for recent global warming and related climate changes on Earth.

Attribution of recent climate change

Over the past five decades there has been a global warming of approximately 0.65 °C (1.17 °F) at the Earth's surface (see historical temperature record).

Global warming hiatus

Climate is the statistics (usually, mean or variability) of weather: the classical period for averaging weather variables is 30 years in accordance with the definition set by the World Meteorological Organization.Instrumental temperature records have shown a robust multi-decadal long-term trend of global warming since the end of the 19th century, reversing longer term cooling in previous centuries as seen in paleoclimate records.

Global warming

In the scientific literature, there is an overwhelming consensus that global surface temperatures have increased in recent decades and that the trend is caused mainly by human-induced emissions of greenhouse gases.

Little Ice Age

Thus current evidence does not support globally synchronous periods of anomalous cold or warmth over this interval, and the conventional terms of "Little Ice Age" and "Medieval Warm Period" appear to have limited utility in describing trends in hemispheric or global mean temperature changes in past centuries.... [Viewed] hemispherically, the "Little Ice Age" can only be considered as a modest cooling of the Northern Hemisphere during this period of less than 1°C relative to late twentieth century levels.


Many lines of evidence, including simple accounting, demonstrate beyond a shadow of a doubt that the increase in atmospheric CO2 is due to human fossil fuel burning.

Carbon dioxide in Earth's atmosphere

While CO 2 absorption and release is always happening as a result of natural processes, the recent rise in CO 2 levels in the atmosphere is known to be mainly due to human (anthropogenic) activity.

Greenhouse gas

The sharp acceleration in CO 2 emissions since 2000 to more than a 3% increase per year (more than 2 ppm per year) from 1.1% per year during the 1990s is attributable to the lapse of formerly declining trends in carbon intensity of both developing and developed nations.

Scientific consensus on climate change:130

Scientific consensus on climate change

The introduction includes this statement: There is strong evidence that the warming of the Earth over the last half-century has been caused largely by human activity, such as the burning of fossil fuels and changes in land use, including agriculture and deforestation.

Scientific consensus on climate change:511

Scientific consensus on climate change

The spatial and temporal fingerprint of warming can be traced to increasing greenhouse gas concentrations in the atmosphere, which are a direct result of burning fossil fuels, broad-scale deforestation and other human activity."

Scientific consensus on climate change

Human activities, primarily the burning of fossil fuels (coal, oil, and natural gas), and secondarily the clearing of land, have increased the concentration of carbon dioxide, methane, and other heat-trapping ("greenhouse") gases in the atmosphere...There is international scientific consensus that most of the warming observed over the last 50 years is attributable to human activities.


Global surface temperatures have continued to rise steadily beneath short-term natural cooling effects, and the rise in global heat content has not slowed at all.

El Niño–Southern Oscillation

El Niño events cause short-term (approximately 1 year in length) spikes in global average surface temperature while La Niña events cause short term cooling.

Global warming hiatus

The 2013 annual report stated that "While the rate at which surface air temperatures are rising has slowed in recent years, heat continues to be trapped in the Earth system, mostly as increased ocean heat content.

Global warming hiatus

Natural climate variability can appear to slow down surface warming over short periods, but does not refute long-term climate change trends.

Global warming

Throughout this period ocean heat storage continued to progress steadily upwards, and in subsequent years surface temperatures have spiked upwards.

Global warming

Globally, these effects are estimated to have led to a slight cooling, dominated by an increase in surface albedo.


CFCs contribute to global waerming at a small level.

Chlorofluorocarbon

Hydrofluorocarbons are included in the Kyoto Protocol because of their very high Global Warming Potential and are facing calls to be regulated under the Montreal Protocol[dubious – discuss] due to the recognition of halocarbon contributions to climate change.

Greenhouse gas

Although CFCs are greenhouse gases, they are regulated by the Montreal Protocol, which was motivated by CFCs' contribution to ozone depletion rather than by their contribution to global warming.

Greenhouse gas

For example, nitrogen trifluoride has a high global warming potential (GWP) but is only present in very small quantities.

Montreal Protocol

However, the hydrochlorofluorocarbons, or HCFCs, and hydrofluorocarbons, or HFCs, are now thought to contribute to anthropogenic global warming.

Montreal Protocol

They are, however, greenhouse gases, with a high global warming potential (GWP), comparable to that of CFCs and HCFCs.


CO2 limits won't cool the planet, but they can make the difference between continued accelerating global warming to catastrophic levels vs. slowing and eventually stopping the warming at hopefully safe levels.

Climate change mitigation

One of the targets that has been suggested is to limit the future increase in global mean temperature (global warming) to below 2 °C, relative to the pre-industrial level.

Planetary boundaries

The scientists raise the possibility that even if greenhouse gas emissions are substantially reduced to limit warming to 2 degrees, that might be the "threshold" at which self-reinforcing climate feedbacks add additional warming until the climate system stabilizes in a hothouse climate state.

Planetary boundaries

Thresholds and boundaries The threshold, or tipping point, is the value at which a very small increment for the control variable (like CO2) triggers a larger, possibly catastrophic, change in the response variable (global warming) through feedbacks in the natural Earth System itself.

Scientific consensus on climate change:23

Scientific consensus on climate change

The current trajectory of global greenhouse gas emissions is not consistent with limiting global warming to below 1.5 or 2 °C, relative to pre-industrial levels.

Tipping points in the climate system

Humans cannot survive if the air is too moist and hot, which would happen for the majority of human populations if global temperatures rise by 11–12 °C, as land masses warm faster than the global average.


Study finds low probability of both very low and very high climate sensitivities, and its lower estimate (as compared to the IPCC) is based on a new temperature reconstruction of the Last Glacial Maximum that may or may not withstand the test of time.

Climate sensitivity

"A lower and more constrained estimate of climate sensitivity using updated observations and detailed radiative forcing time series".

Climate sensitivity

For constant humidity they computed a climate sensitivity of 2.3 °C per doubling of CO2 (which they rounded to 2, the value most often quoted from their work, in the abstract of the paper).

IPCC Fifth Assessment Report

Compared to the previous report, the lower bounds for the sensitivity of the climate system to emissions were slightly lowered, though the projections for global mean temperature rise (compared to pre-industrial levels) by 2100 exceeded 1.5 °C in all scenarios.

IPCC Third Assessment Report

The TAR estimate for the climate sensitivity is 1.5 to 4.5 °C; and the average surface temperature is projected to increase by 1.4 to 5.8 Celsius degrees over the period 1990 to 2100, and the sea level is projected to rise by 0.1 to 0.9 metres over the same period.

Kyoto Protocol

The Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC, 2007) have produced a range of projections of what the future increase in global mean temperature might be.


Greenland's ice loss is accelerating & will add metres of sea level rise in upcoming centuries.

Greenland

If the Greenland ice sheet were to melt away completely, the world's sea level would rise by more than 7 m (23 ft).

Greenland

The glaciers of Greenland are also contributing to a rise in the global sea level faster than was previously believed.

Greenland

Findings show that Greenland has lost 3.8 trillion tonnes of ice since 1992, enough to raise sea levels by almost 11mm (1.06cm).

Sea level rise

The contribution of the Greenland ice sheet on sea level over the next couple of centuries can be very high due to a self-reinforcing cycle (a so-called positive feedback).

Sea level rise

"A tipping point in refreezing accelerates mass loss of Greenland's glaciers and ice caps".


While summer maximums have showed little trend, the annual average Arctic temperature has risen sharply in recent decades.

Arctic Ocean

As recently as 55 million years ago, during the Paleocene–Eocene Thermal Maximum, the region reached an average annual temperature of 10–20 °C (50–68 °F).

Arctic

Another definition of the Arctic is the region where the average temperature for the warmest month (July) is below 10 °C (50 °F); the northernmost tree line roughly follows the isotherm at the boundary of this region.

Climate of the Arctic

The IPCC also indicate that, over the last 100 years, the annually averaged temperature in the Arctic has increased by almost twice as much as the global mean temperature has.

Little Ice Age

The rate of Arctic cooling is roughly 0.02 °C per century.

North Pole

Summer temperatures (June, July, and August) average around the freezing point (0 °C (32 °F)).


Ben Santer could not have and did not single-handedly alter the 1995 IPCC report.

Global warming controversy

In fact, one site said that it was proven in 1996 that Santer had fraudulently altered the IPCC report.

IPCC First Assessment Report

This report had effects not only on the establishment of the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change (UNFCCC), but also on the first conference of the parties (COP), held in Berlin in 1995.

Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change:0

The Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC) is an intergovernmental body of the United Nations that is dedicated to providing the world with objective, scientific information relevant to understanding the scientific basis of the risk of human-induced climate change, its natural, political, and economic impacts and risks, and possible response options.

Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change:118

Climate Change 1995, the IPCC Second Assessment Report (SAR), was finished in 1996.

Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change:201

The Special Report on Emissions Scenarios (SRES) is a report by the IPCC which was published in 2000.


Natural cycles superimposed on a linear warming trend can be mistaken for step changes, but the underlying warming is caused by the external radiative forcing.

Greenhouse gas

Positive radiative forcing leads to warming by increasing the net incoming energy, whereas negative radiative forcing leads to cooling.

IPCC Fourth Assessment Report

AR4 describes warming and cooling effects on the planet in terms of radiative forcing — the rate of change of energy in the system, measured as power per unit area (in SI units, W/m²).

Natural environment

This is due to the greenhouse effect, which is caused by greenhouse gases, which trap heat inside the Earth's atmosphere because of their more complex molecular structure which allows them to vibrate and in turn trap heat and release it back towards the Earth.

Paleoclimatology

Climate change may be due to natural internal processes or external forcings, such as modulations of the solar cycles, volcanic eruptions, and persistent anthropogenic changes in the composition of the atmosphere or in land use.

Planetary boundaries

Positive radiative forcing results in warming.


A few degrees of global warming has a huge impact on ice sheets, sea levels and other aspects of climate.

Effects of global warming

An example of this is the melting of ice sheets, which contributes to sea level rise.

Global warming

The rate of ice loss from glaciers and ice sheets in the Antarctic is a key area of uncertainty since this source could account for 90% of the potential sea level rise: increased ocean warmth is undermining and threatening to unplug Antarctic glacier outlets, potentially resulting in more rapid sea level rise.

Global warming

rising sea levels, shrinking Arctic sea ice).

Global warming

The effects of global warming include rising sea levels, regional changes in precipitation, more frequent extreme weather events such as heat waves, and expansion of deserts.

Sea level rise

Under the influence of global warming, melt at the base of the ice sheet increases.


Satellite transmissions are extremely small and irrelevant.

Digital radio

Each satellite provides three transmission beams that can support 50 channels each, carrying news, music, entertainment, and education, and including a computer multimedia service.

Satellite television

Signals are transmitted using Ku band (12 to 18 GHz) and are completely digital which means it has high picture and stereo sound quality.

Satellite television

The relatively strong transmissions allowed the use of smaller (90 cm) dishes.

Satellite television

Signals from DBS satellites (operating in the more recent Ku band) are higher in both frequency and power (due to improvements in the solar panels and energy efficiency of modern satellites) and therefore require much smaller dishes than C-band, and the digital modulation methods now used require less signal strength at the receiver than analog modulation methods.

Terrestrial television

Terrestrial television is a type of television broadcasting in which the television signal is transmitted by radio waves from the terrestrial (Earth-based) transmitter of a television station to a TV receiver having an antenna.


The temporary drop in sea level in 2010 was due to intense land flooding caused by a strong La Nina.

El Niño

An El Niño is associated with warm and very wet weather months in April–October along the coasts of northern Peru and Ecuador, causing major flooding whenever the event is strong or extreme.

El Niño–Southern Oscillation

An especially strong Walker circulation causes La Niña, resulting in cooler ocean temperatures in the central and eastern tropical Pacific Ocean due to increased upwelling.

El Niño–Southern Oscillation

An especially strong Walker circulation causes a La Niña, resulting in cooler ocean temperatures due to increased upwelling.

La Niña

This La Niña, combined with record-high ocean temperatures in the north-eastern Indian Ocean, was a large factor in the 2010–2011 Queensland floods, and the quartet of recent heavy snowstorms in North America starting with the December 2010 North American blizzard.

La Niña

Meanwhile, a series of major storms caused extensive flooding in California in December 2010, with seven consecutive days of non-stop rainfall, leading to one of the wettest Decembers in over 120 years of records.


The IPCC 95% confidence that humans are responsible for most of the current global warming is simply a summary of the peer-reviewed scientific research.

Global warming

The scientific consensus as of 2013[update], as stated in the IPCC Fifth Assessment Report, is that it "is extremely likely that human influence has been the dominant cause of the observed warming since the mid-20th century".

Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change:158

Most of the global average warming over the past 50 years is "very likely" (greater than 90% probability, based on expert judgement) due to human activities.

Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change:27

The IPCC was tasked with reviewing peer-reviewed scientific literature and other relevant publications to provide information on the state of knowledge about climate change.

Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change:358

"The IPCC Third Assessment Report'] conclusion that most of the observed warming of the last 50 years is likely to have been due to the increase in greenhouse gas concentrations accurately reflects the current thinking of the scientific community on this issue".

Scientific consensus on climate change:50

Scientific consensus on climate change

Most of the global warming since the mid-20th century is very likely due to human activities.


CO2 emissions were much smaller 100 years ago.

Global warming

Global anthropogenic greenhouse gas emissions in 2010 were equivalent to 49 billion tonnes of carbon dioxide (using the most recent global warming potentials over 100 years from the AR5 report).

Greenhouse gas

Carbon dioxide mole fractions in the atmosphere have gone up by approximately 35 percent since the 1900s, rising from 280 parts per million by volume to 387 parts per million in 2009.

Greenhouse gas

The first 30 ppm increase took place in about 200 years, from the start of the Industrial Revolution to 1958; however the next 90 ppm increase took place within 56 years, from 1958 to 2014.

Greenhouse gas

The sharp acceleration in CO 2 emissions since 2000 to more than a 3% increase per year (more than 2 ppm per year) from 1.1% per year during the 1990s is attributable to the lapse of formerly declining trends in carbon intensity of both developing and developed nations.

Greenhouse gas

Projected annual energy-related CO 2 emissions in 2030 were 40–110% higher than in 2000, with two-thirds of the increase originating in developing countries.


Postma's model contains many simple errors; in no way does Postma undermine the existence or necessity of the greenhouse effect.

Occam's razor

Since it is absurd to have no logical method for settling on one hypothesis amongst an infinite number of equally data-compliant hypotheses, we should choose the simplest theory: "Either science is irrational [in the way it judges theories and predictions probable] or the principle of simplicity is a fundamental synthetic a priori truth."

Occam's razor

Thus, complex hypotheses must predict data much better than do simple hypotheses before researchers reject the simple hypotheses.

Occam's razor

Minimum description length Minimum message length – Formal information theory restatement of Occam's Razor Newton's flaming laser sword Philosophical razor – Principle or rule of thumb that allows one to eliminate unlikely explanations for a phenomenon Philosophy of science – The philosophical study of the assumptions, foundations, and implications of science Simplicity "Ockham's razor does not say that the more simple a hypothesis, the better."

Occam's razor

In the 25 papers with quantitative comparisons, complexity increased forecast errors by an average of 27 percent.

Population genetics

Population genetics must either model this complexity in detail, or capture it by some simpler average rule.


The amount of heat energy coming out of the Earth is too small to even be worth considering.

Earth

Because much of the heat is provided by radioactive decay, scientists postulate that early in Earth's history, before isotopes with short half-lives were depleted, Earth's heat production was much higher.

Earth

This last phenomenon is known as the greenhouse effect: trace molecules within the atmosphere serve to capture thermal energy emitted from the ground, thereby raising the average temperature.

Earth

Energy from the Sun heats this layer, and the surface below, causing expansion of the air.

Geothermal energy

Geothermal power is considered to be renewable because any projected heat extraction is small compared to the Earth's heat content.

Geothermal energy

A more technical description of the earth’s core energy would be to state that it is vast and enormous in quantity, but calling it unlimited and renewable in nature is a misnomer which might well fit today's current levels of use; but perhaps, just like humanity's impact on weather through global warming, there was a long held belief that human activity such as car emissions were minor, and could not impact weather conditions, but when an expanding number of cars reach a critical point, a global impact resulted.


Humans have been through climate changes before- but mostly cold ones and

Neanderthal

Their ultimate extinction coincides with Heinrich event 4, a period of intense cold and dry climate causing their preferred forest landscape to give way to steppeland, and future Heinrich events are also associated with massive cultural turnovers where European human populations collapsed.

Paleolithic

[page needed][need quotation to verify] Conditions during the Paleolithic Age went through a set of glacial and interglacial periods in which the climate periodically fluctuated between warm and cool temperatures.

Paleolithic

This epoch experienced important geographic and climatic changes that affected human societies.

Paleolithic

Climates during the Pliocene became cooler and drier, and seasonal, similar to modern climates.

Paleolithic

The Earth has been in an Ice House Climate for the last 30 million years.


Environment Minister Greg Hunt the Coalition's emissions reduction fund, at $13.95 per tonne of carbon, is around 1 per cent of the cost of reducing carbon under the former Labor government's carbon pricing scheme, which he cost $1,300 a tonne.

Carbon Pollution Reduction Scheme

The system aims at achieving the environmental outcome of reducing greenhouse gas emissions, the idea being that capping emissions creates a price for carbon and the ability to trade ensures that emissions are reduced at the lowest possible price (Department of Climate Change, 2008, 12).

Carbon Pollution Reduction Scheme

There will be a price cap on emissions, that will start at AUD 40 per tonne of carbon dioxide equivalent.

Carbon offset

The Australian government's Emissions Reduction Fund provides for purchasing carbon offsets from Australian carbon emissions reduction projects.

Carbon tax

The tax that was to be implemented would be 2,400 yen ($20.85 in 2005 dollars) per tonne of carbon dioxide emitted from fuels.

Carbon tax

The proposal would have set an emissions price of NZ$15 per tonne of CO2-equivalent.


HFCs (hydrofluorocarbons) are tens of thousands of times more polluting than carbon dioxide.

Carbon offset

Industrial pollutants such as hydrofluorocarbons (HFCs) and perfluorocarbons (PFCs) have a GWP many thousands of times greater than carbon dioxide by volume.

Greenhouse gas

According to the report plastic will contribute greenhouse gases in the equivalent of 850 million tonnes of carbon dioxide (CO2) to the atmosphere in 2019.

Hydrofluorocarbon

They do not harm the ozone layer as much as the compounds they replace, but they do contribute to global warming, with thousands of times the warming potential of carbon dioxide.

Kyoto Protocol

Carbon dioxide (CO 2) is the most important anthropogenic GHG.

Montreal Protocol

On a molecule-for-molecule basis, these compounds are up to 10,000 times more potent greenhouse gases than carbon dioxide.


In particular, satellite data demonstrate for the last 17 years, there's been zero warming.

Hockey stick controversy

He said there had probably been no global warming since the 1940s, and "Satellite data show no appreciable warming of the global atmosphere since 1979.

Hockey stick controversy

That's the data we've had for the past 150 years, which is quite consistent with the expectation that the climate is continuing to warm."

Hockey stick controversy

As reported by Pat Michaels on his World Climate Report website, MacCracken said during the hearing that "the last decade is the warmest since 1400", implying that the warming had been caused by the greenhouse effect, and replied to Walker's question about whether thermometers had then existed by explaining the use of biological materials as temperature proxies.

Ted Cruz

The satellites that actually measure the temperature showed no significant warming whatsoever.

Ted Cruz

In March 2015, he said that some people are "global warming alarmists" and, citing satellite temperature measurements, said that there had been no significant warming in 18 years.


The Conservatives' recent budget made no mention of climate change.

Climate Change Act 2008

The opposition Conservative Party supported the concept of a bill, and proposed their own variation ahead of the Government's.

Conservative Party (UK)

However, there has been much criticism and protest about the 2010 government's actions on the NHS, focussing on budget cuts and privatisation of services.

Stephen Harper

"Bill C-30: Canada's Clean Air and Climate Change Act".

Stephen Harper

In 2006, Canada's Clean Air and Climate Change Act was introduced to address air pollution as well as greenhouse gas emissions; it never became law.

Stephen Harper

Cuts were also made to many essential programs, some so deep that they had to shut down entirely, including the monitoring of smoke stack emissions, food inspections, oil spills, water quality, and climate change.


Trudeau's carbon tax will raise gas prices by 11 cents/litre.

Carbon tax

Tax on coal would be about 1.58 yen per kilogram and that on gasoline 1.52 yen per litre (4.3 cents per gallon in 2005 dollars).

Carbon tax

As of 2016, the tax rate has been increased to 1,02 NOK per liter or standard cubic meter of oil and natural gas.

Carbon tax

The tax amounts to CHF 12 per tonne CO 2, which is the equivalent of CHF 0.03 per litre of heating oil (US$0.108 per gallon) and CHF 0.025 per m3 of natural gas (US$0.024 per m3).

Carbon tax

The tax rate for gasoline is $CDN0.008 per liter, or about $3.50 per tonne of CO 2 equivalent.

Carbon tax

The tax will increase each year after until 2012, reaching a final price of $30 per tonne (7.2 cents per litre at the pumps).


94 percent of the carbon emissions which you so want to get rid of are caused by nature.

Greenhouse gas

Land use change (mainly deforestation in the tropics) account for up to one third of total anthropogenic CO 2 emissions.

Greenhouse gas

The trucking and haulage industry plays a part in production of CO 2, contributing around 20% of the UK's total carbon emissions a year, with only the energy industry having a larger impact at around 39%.

Greenhouse gas

Total anthropogenic emissions at the end of 2009 were estimated at 49.5 gigatonnes CO 2-equivalent.

Greenhouse gas

Cumulative anthropogenic (i.e., human-emitted) emissions of CO 2 from fossil fuel use are a major cause of global warming, and give some indication of which countries have contributed most to human-induced climate change.

Greenhouse gas

The vast majority of anthropogenic carbon dioxide emissions come from combustion of fossil fuels, principally coal, oil, and natural gas, with additional contributions coming from deforestation, changes in land use, soil erosion and agriculture (including livestock).


Climate change is a hoax invented by the Chinese.

Climate change denial

Donald Trump tweeted in 2012 that the Chinese invented "the concept of global warming" because they believed it would somehow hurt U.S. manufacturing.

Climate change policy of the United States:272

Donald Trump, the 45th and current President of the United States, has said that "climate change is a hoax invented by and for Chinese."

Global warming conspiracy theory

"The concept of global warming was created by and for the Chinese in order to make U.S. manufacturing non-competitive" (Tweet).

Global warming conspiracy theory

Climate change has also been called the "greatest scam in history" by John Coleman, who co-founded the Weather Channel.

Global warming conspiracy theory

In 2012, Donald Trump claimed that "The concept of global warming was created by and for the Chinese in order to make U.S. manufacturing non-competitive."


Every year air pollution protections are delayed, another 34,000 people will die prematurely.

Chernobyl disaster

The Chernobyl Forum predicts that the eventual death toll could reach 4,000 among those exposed to the highest levels of radiation (200,000 emergency workers, 116,000 evacuees and 270,000 residents of the most contaminated areas); this figure is a total causal death toll prediction, combining the deaths of approximately 50 emergency workers who died soon after the accident from acute radiation syndrome, 15 children who have died of thyroid cancer and a future predicted total of 3,935 deaths from radiation-induced cancer and leukaemia.

Chernobyl disaster

Chernobyl: Consequences of the Catastrophe for People and the Environment is a 2007 Russian publication that concludes that there were 985,000 premature deaths as a consequence of the radioactivity released.

China

There are 1.14 million deaths caused by exposure to ambient air pollution.

China

"Air Pollution Linked to 1.2 Million Premature Deaths in China".

China

In 2010, air pollution caused 1.2 million premature deaths in China.


Rob Portman voted for the bipartisan bill to affirm climate change is real, humans significantly contribute to it and it needs to be addressed.

Climate change (general concept)

Climate change means a change of climate which is attributed directly or indirectly to human activity that alters the composition of the global atmosphere and which is in addition to natural climate variability observed over comparable time periods.

Rob Portman

Portman became known for his ability to work in a bipartisan fashion when working to pass a repeal of the excise tax on telephone service.

Rob Portman

Portman would later co-sponsor an amendment to the 2017 Energy Bill that specifies climate change is real and human activity contributes to the problem.

Rob Portman

In 2011, Portman voted to limit the government's ability to regulate greenhouse gas emissions, and in 2015, he voted against the Clean Power Plan.

Rob Portman

In March 2016, Portman authored the bipartisan bill the Countering Foreign Propaganda and Disinformation Act, along with Democratic Senator Chris Murphy.


"the cascading effects" of climate change contributed to the rise of ISIS.

Climate change in Washington

This has had cascading effects, especially on grizzly bear populations as pine nuts are an important source of winter time food in periods of large snowpack.

Effects of global warming

Global warming refers to the long-term rise in the average temperature of the Earth's climate system.

Isis

Sirius's heliacal rising, just before the start of the Nile flood, gave Sopdet a close connection with the flood and the resulting growth of plants.

Tipping points in the climate system

Self-reinforcing feedbacks in the carbon cycle and planetary reflectivity could trigger a cascading set of tipping points that lead the world into a hothouse climate state.

Trophic cascade

"Field evidence for a rapidly cascading underground food web".


Wind is a finite resource and harnessing it would slow the winds down, which would cause the temperature to go up.

Joe Barton

Texas Rep. Joe Barton supposedly once said that 'wind is a finite resource and harnessing it would slow the winds down, which would cause the temperature to go up.

Wind

The westerlies can be particularly strong, especially in the southern hemisphere, where there is less land in the middle latitudes to cause the flow pattern to amplify, which slows the winds down.

Wind

As the temperature of the surface of the land rises, the land heats the air above it by conduction.

Wind

The furnaces were constructed on the path of the monsoon winds to exploit the wind power, to bring the temperatures inside up to 1,200 °C (2,190 °F).

Wind

The stream of particles varies in temperature and speed with the passage of time.


(Koch Industries) is among the worst in toxic air pollution in the entire United States ... and churns out more climate-changing greenhouse gases than oil giants Chevron, Shell and Valero.

Air pollution

Pollutants emitted into the atmosphere by human activity include: Carbon dioxide (CO 2) – Because of its role as a greenhouse gas it has been described as "the leading pollutant" and "the worst climate pollutant".

Carbon tax

CO 2 is a heat-trapping greenhouse gas which causes global warming, which damages the environment and human health.

Global warming

The largest human influence has been the emission of greenhouse gases such as carbon dioxide, methane, and nitrous oxide.

Koch Industries

Koch Industries denied that they have had a negative effect on climate change, saying they have "implemented innovative and cost-effective ways to reduce waste and emissions, including greenhouse gases".

Valero Energy

"(PERI) THE TOXIC 100: Top Corporate Air Polluters in the United State".


A 14 August 1912 article from a New Zealand newspaper contained a brief story about how burning coal might produce future warming by adding carbon dioxide to the atmosphere.

Carbon dioxide in Earth's atmosphere

The greenhouse effect is a process by which thermal radiation from a planetary atmosphere warms the planet's surface beyond the temperature it would have in the absence of its atmosphere.

Coal mining

Coal production is a major contributor to global warming: burning coal generates large quantities of carbon dioxide and mining operations can release methane, a known greenhouse gas, into the atmosphere.

Coal

Coal liquefaction emits more carbon dioxide than liquid fuel production from crude oil.

Coal

The largest and most long term effect of coal use is the release of carbon dioxide, a greenhouse gas that causes climate change and global warming.

Coal

Then over millions of years the heat and pressure of deep burial causes the loss of water, methane and carbon dioxide and an increase in the proportion of carbon.


A major part of the climate change bill sponsored by Sens. John Kerry and Joe Lieberman "was essentially written by BP."

Al Gore

During this time, Gore wrote Earth in the Balance, a text which became the first book written by a sitting U.S.

Joe Lieberman

On June 19, 2010, Lieberman introduced a bill called "Protecting Cyberspace as a National Asset Act of 2010", which he co-wrote with Senator Susan Collins (R-ME) and Senator Thomas Carper (D-DE).

John Kerry

A release from the presidential campaign of presumptive Democratic nominee Al Gore listed Kerry on the short list to be selected as the vice-presidential nominee, along with North Carolina Senator John Edwards, Indiana Senator Evan Bayh, Missouri Congressman Richard Gephardt, New Hampshire Governor Jeanne Shaheen and Connecticut Senator Joe Lieberman.

John McCain

He and Democratic senator Joe Lieberman wrote the legislation that created the 9/11 Commission, while he and Democratic senator Fritz Hollings co-sponsored the Aviation and Transportation Security Act that federalized airport security.

Lindsey Graham

On December 10, 2009, Graham co-sponsored a letter to President Barack Obama along with then Senators John Kerry and Joe Lieberman announcing their commitment to passing a climate change bill and outlining its framework.


A video shows Koko the gorilla spontaneously using sign language to issue a warning about climate change.

Koko (gorilla)

Patterson reported that Koko's use of signs indicated that she mastered the use of sign language.

Koko (gorilla)

Koko was reported to use meta-language, being able to use language reflexively to speak about language itself, signing "good sign" to another gorilla who successfully used signing.

Koko (gorilla)

Another concern that has been raised about Koko's ability to express coherent thoughts through signs is that interpretation of the gorilla's conversation was left to the handler, who may have seen improbable concatenations of signs as meaningful.

Koko (gorilla)

Her instructor and caregiver, Francine Patterson, reported that Koko had an active vocabulary of more than 1,000 signs of what Patterson calls "Gorilla Sign Language" (GSL).

Scientific consensus on climate change:228

Scientific consensus on climate change

The letter goes on to warn of predicted impacts on the United States such as sea level rise and increases in extreme weather events, water scarcity, heat waves, wildfires, and the disturbance of biological systems.


After the 9/11 terrorist attacks grounded commercial air traffic, "there was a temperature drop while the airplanes weren't flying, for the week afterwards."

September 11 attacks

Play media At 9:42 a.m., the Federal Aviation Administration (FAA) grounded all civilian aircraft within the continental U.S., and civilian aircraft already in flight were told to land immediately.

September 11 attacks

As the airplane approached the Pentagon, its wings knocked down light poles and its right engine hit a power generator before crashing into the western side of the building.

September 11 attacks

North American air space was closed for several days after the attacks and air travel decreased upon its reopening, leading to a nearly 20% cutback in air travel capacity, and exacerbating financial problems in the struggling U.S. airline industry.

September 11 attacks

The action begins at "9 am., Tuesday, 9/11/2001" and continues for a harrowing week as her uncle attempts to silence her, applying precepts of Sharia law.

September 11 attacks

The terrorist aircraft didn't bring the buildings down; it was the fire which followed.


Alaska Sen. Mark Begich "is on record supporting a carbon tax, even pushing Harry Reid to make it a priority."

Mark Begich

In 2010, he signed a letter advocating the establishment of a 'price' for greenhouse gas emissions as part of national energy policy.

Mark Begich

Begich has stated that this should not be interpreted as support for a carbon tax.

Mark Begich

"Democratic Senator Introduces Bill To Lift Social Security's Tax Cap, Extend Its Solvency For Decades".

Mark Begich

"AK Dem Sen. Begich Won't Say If He Wants Obama To Campaign For Him".

Mark Begich

According to the Washington Post, "Begich is one of a small but growing group of Democratic lawmakers who support the idea of lifting or changing the payroll tax cap, so higher earners pay more, while adopting a new measure for inflation that would increase benefits for all seniors."


Australia has more solar coverage than any other continent.

Australia

Australia is the driest inhabited continent; its annual rainfall averaged over continental area is less than 500 mm.

Australia

Although most of Australia is semi-arid or desert, the continent includes a diverse range of habitats from alpine heaths to tropical rainforests.

Ice age

The ice sheets increase Earth's reflectivity and thus reduce the absorption of solar radiation.

Snowball Earth

Firstly, tropical continents are more reflective than open ocean, and so absorb less of the Sun's heat: most absorption of Solar energy on Earth today occurs in tropical oceans.

Snowball Earth

This low temperature was maintained by the high albedo of the ice sheets, which reflected most incoming solar energy into space.


Australian households will benefit to the tune of $550 a year if the carbon tax is axed.

Carbon tax

The carbon tax expects to raise 25 billion rupees ($535 million) for the financial year 2010–2011.

Carbon tax

Officials estimated that the tax would generate income of 37 billion yen a year for the government and result in a payment of 2,100 yen per year for an average household.

Carbon tax

As of the year 2002, the standard carbon tax rate since 1996 amounts to 100 DKK per tonne of CO 2, equivalent to approximately €13 or US$18.

Carbon tax

The total estimated income from the carbon tax would have been between €3-4.5 billion annually, with 55 percent of profit coming from households and 45 percent coming from businesses.

Carbon tax

The average household pays US$21 towards the tax each year, while the average business pays $94 per year.


Barack Obama and Joe Biden will establish a 10 percent federal Renewable Portfolio Standard (RPS) to require that 10 percent of electricity consumed in the U.S. is derived from clean, sustainable energy sources, like solar, wind and geothermal by 2012.

Democratic Party (United States)

Democrats have supported increased domestic renewable energy development, including wind and solar power farms, in an effort to reduce carbon pollution.

Energy policy of the United States

A Renewable Portfolio Standard (RPS) is a mandate that requires electricity providers to supply to their customers a minimum amount of power from renewable sources, usually as a percentage of total energy use.

Energy policy of the United States

Other plans include making society carbon neutral and using renewable energy, including solar, wind, and methane sources.

Presidential transition of Barack Obama:177

Presidential transition of Barack Obama

By 2012, 10% of U.S. electricity shall come from renewable sources and 25% by 2025.

Wind power

Wind power is a sustainable and renewable energy, and has a much smaller impact on the environment compared to burning fossil fuels.


Barack Obama supports proposals "to devote billions of dollars annually to state game and fish agencies and federal land management agencies to help them ensure that fish and wildlife survive the impacts of climate change."

Barack Obama

He sponsored the Iran Sanctions Enabling Act supporting divestment of state pension funds from Iran's oil and gas industry, which was never enacted but later incorporated in the Comprehensive Iran Sanctions, Accountability, and Divestment Act of 2010; and co-sponsored legislation to reduce risks of nuclear terrorism.

Barack Obama

His proposal was to spend $900 billion over 10 years and include a government insurance plan, also known as the public option, to compete with the corporate insurance sector as a main component to lowering costs and improving quality of health care.

National Park Service

They include: stewardship and education; professional excellence; youth programs; climate change impacts; and budget restructure and realignment.

United States Forest Service

The budget includes $2.4 billion for Wildland Fire Management, a decrease of $530 million from the 2019 Annualized Continuing Resolution because the “fire fix” cap adjustment becomes available in FY 2020, while the FY 2019 Annualized Continuing Resolution includes $500 million above the base as bridge to the first year of the fire fix.

United States Forest Service

Through implementation of land and resource management plans, the agency ensures sustainable ecosystems by restoring and maintaining species diversity and ecological productivity that helps provide recreation, water, timber, minerals, fish, wildlife, wilderness, and aesthetic values for current and future generations of people.


Barack Obama told the U.S. Coast Guard Academy "that the number one threat to the military and the world today is global warming."

Barack Obama

Barack Obama

He announced an increase in U.S. troop levels to 17,000 military personnel in February 2009 to "stabilize a deteriorating situation in Afghanistan," an area he said had not received the "strategic attention, direction and resources it urgently requires."

Barack Obama

Expressing puzzlement over questions about whether he is "black enough," Obama told an August 2007 meeting of the National Association of Black Journalists that "we're still locked in this notion that if you appeal to white folks then there must be something wrong."

Effects of global warming

Some climate researchers and activists have characterized it as an existential threat to civilization.

Presidency of Barack Obama

During his presidency, Obama described global warming as the greatest long-term threat facing the world.


Barack Obama will help the Gulf Coast restore the wetlands, marshes and barrier islands that are critical to tamping down the force of hurricanes.

Barack Obama

The American Recovery and Reinvestment Act of 2009 and Tax Relief, Unemployment Insurance Reauthorization, and Job Creation Act of 2010 served as economic stimulus amidst the Great Recession.

Barack Obama

In foreign policy, he ordered military intervention in Iraq in response to gains made by ISIL after the 2011 withdrawal from Iraq, continued the process of ending U.S. combat operations in Afghanistan in 2016, promoted discussions that led to the 2015 Paris Agreement on global climate change, initiated sanctions against Russia following the invasion in Ukraine and again after Russian interference in the 2016 United States elections, brokered a nuclear deal with Iran, and normalized U.S. relations with Cuba.

Barack Obama

On April 20, 2010, an explosion destroyed an offshore drilling rig at the Macondo Prospect in the Gulf of Mexico, causing a major sustained oil leak.

Barack Obama

"Obama Legacy Will Be Recovery from Recession, Affordable Care Act".

Barack Obama

After Russia's invasion of Crimea in 2014, military intervention in Syria in 2015, and the interference in the 2016 U.S. presidential election, Obama's Russia policy was widely seen as a failure.


As president, Obama will immediately close the Mississippi River Gulf Outlet, which experts say funneled floodwater into New Orleans.

Hurricane Gustav

The Mississippi River was shut to all ship traffic between the Gulf of Mexico and New Orleans on August 30.

Hurricane Katrina

Hard-hit St. Bernard Parish was flooded because of breaching of the levees that contained a navigation channel called the Mississippi River Gulf Outlet (MR-GO) and the breach of the 40 Arpent canal levee that was designed and built by the Orleans Levee Board.

Hurricane Katrina

The Mississippi River Gulf Outlet (MR-GO) breached its levees in approximately 20 places, flooding much of eastern New Orleans, most of St. Bernard Parish and the East Bank of Plaquemines Parish.

Mississippi River–Gulf Outlet Canal

In 2005, although disputed by the Corps of Engineers, the MRGO channeled Hurricane Katrina's storm surge into the heart of Greater New Orleans, contributing significantly to the subsequent multiple engineering failures experienced by the region's hurricane protection network.

Mississippi River–Gulf Outlet Canal

Levees along the MRGO and the Intracoastal Waterway were breached in approximately 20 places, directly flooding most of St. Bernard Parish and New Orleans East.


Big rooftop solar's plan forces Nevada families who don't have solar panels to pay higher power bills to subsidize rooftop solar.

Net metering

In a state that is presently faced with various renewable energy issues, the idea of terminating personal property taxes on solar panels was widely supported.

Net metering

Households with a smaller number of solar panels would likely see their rates go up under the proposal.

Net metering

Customers who use a small amount of electricity because they produce some of their own via solar panels do not pay enough to cover their portion of transmission and distribution systems, according to the utility companies.

Net metering

The new rules "encourage community solar projects and help ratepayers, who subsidize the above market rates utilities are required to pay for power generated under the program."

Net metering

A 2014 report funded by the Institute for Electric Innovation claims that net metering in California produces excessively large subsidies for typical residential rooftop solar photovoltaic (PV) facilities.


Bill Nye proposed penalizing families with too many children to reduce population growth and slow climate change.

Human overpopulation

As of 2008, the price of grain has increased due to more farming used in biofuels, world oil prices at over $100 a barrel, global population growth, climate change, loss of agricultural land to residential and industrial development, and growing consumer demand in China and India Food riots have recently taken place in many countries across the world.

Human overpopulation

Population planning that is intended to reduce population size or growth rate may promote or enforce one or more of the following practices, although there are other methods as well: Greater and better access to contraception Reducing infant mortality so that parents do not need to have many children to ensure at least some survive to adulthood.

Human overpopulation

Child mortality has declined, which in turn has led to reduced birth rates, thus slowing overall population growth.

Human population planning

Higher taxation of parents who have too many children Contraception Abstinence Reducing infant mortality so that parents do not need to have many children to ensure at least some survive to adulthood.

Human population planning

[citation needed] Population policies that are intended to increase a population or subpopulation growth rates may use practices such as: Higher taxation of married couples who have no, or too few, children Politicians imploring the populace to have bigger families Tax breaks and subsidies for families with children Loosening of immigration restrictions, and/or mass recruitment of foreign workers by the government A number of ancient writers have reflected on the issue of population.


California legislators have made it illegal for anyone to deny climate change, under threat of jail time.

California

The Legislature shall make no law which diminishes or ignores the role of English as the common language of California.

California

Among the political idiosyncrasies and trendsetting, California was the second state to recall their state governor, the second state to legalize abortion, and the only state to ban marriage for gay couples twice by vote (including Proposition 8 in 2008).

Climate change denial

In the 1990s, the Marshall Institute began campaigning against increased regulations on environmental issues such as acid rain, ozone depletion, second-hand smoke, and the dangers of DDT.

Climate change mitigation

In the absence of substantial federal action, state governments have adopted emissions-control laws such as the Regional Greenhouse Gas Initiative in the Northeast and the Global Warming Solutions Act of 2006 in California.

Institutional racism

If the government was armed with appropriate legislation and the threat of long prison terms, private citizens would not feel the need to act.


Carbon dioxide is not "a primary contributor to the global warming that we see."

Carbon dioxide

"How do we know more CO2 is causing warming?".

Greenhouse gas

Cumulative anthropogenic (i.e., human-emitted) emissions of CO 2 from fossil fuel use are a major cause of global warming, and give some indication of which countries have contributed most to human-induced climate change.

Scott Pruitt

On March 9, 2017, in an interview on CNBC's Squawk Box, Pruitt stated that he "would not agree that" carbon dioxide is "a primary contributor to the global warming that we see" backing up his claim by stating that "measuring with precision human activity on the climate is something very challenging to do and there's tremendous disagreement about the degree of impact."

Scott Pruitt

In March 2017, Pruitt said that he does not believe that human activities, specifically carbon dioxide emissions, are a primary contributor to climate change, a view which is in contradiction with the scientific consensus.

Scott Pruitt

"EPA chief Scott Pruitt says carbon dioxide is not a primary contributor to global warming".


Climate scientist James Hansen: "we have until perhaps 50 years from now," or maybe a little longer "and at that point, we are looking at 10, 20, 30 feet of sea-level rise."

James Hansen

Hansen concluded that global warming would be evident within the next few decades, and that it would result in temperatures at least as high as during the Eemian.

James Hansen

George Monbiot reports "The IPCC predicts that sea levels could rise by as much as 59 centimetres (1.94 ft) this century.

Sea level rise

For instance, a 2016 study led by Jim Hansen concluded that based on past climate change data, sea level rise could accelerate exponentially in the coming decades, with a doubling time of 10, 20 or 40 years, respectively, raising the ocean by several meters in 50, 100 or 200 years.

Sea level rise

According to the Fourth (2017) National Climate Assessment (NCA) of the United States it is very likely sea level will rise between 30 and 130 cm (1.0–4.3 feet) in 2100 compared to the year 2000.

Sea level rise

For example, in 2007 the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC) projected a high end estimate of 60 cm (2 ft) through 2099, but their 2014 report raised the high-end estimate to about 90 cm (3 ft).


Climate scientists have predicted global temperatures would increase more than one degree Celsius by 2020," but observed temperatures have been only half as high.

Antarctica

In February 2020, the region recorded the highest temperature of 18.3 degree Celsius which was a degree higher than the previous record of 17.5 degrees in March 2015.

Climate change and agriculture

The Earth's average surface temperature has increased by 1.5 °F (0.83 °C) since 1880.

Earth

About a billion years from now, all surface water will have disappeared and the mean global temperature will reach 70 °C (158 °F).

Global issue

In the last 100 years, Earth's average surface temperature increased by about 0.8 °C (1.4 °F) with about two thirds of the increase occurring over just the last three decades.

Global warming

The 10th Emissions Gap Report issued by the United Nations Environment Programme (UNEP) predicts that if emissions continue to increase at the same rate as they have in 2010–2020, global temperatures would rise by as much as 4° by 2100.


Connie Mack "is protecting Chevron oil from a multi-billion dollar lawsuit over pollution of rivers and rainforests."

Chevron Corporation

In 2003, a class action lawsuit against Chevron was filed in Ecuadorian court for $28 billion by indigenous residents, who accused Texaco of making residents ill and damaging forests and rivers by discharging 18 billion US gallons (68,000,000 m3) of formation water into the Amazon rainforest without any environmental remediation.

Chevron Corporation

Chevron Corporation

"Chevron faces $10.6bn Brazil legal suit over oil spill".

Texaco

In 1993, several dozen tribal leaders and residents from the Ecuadoran Amazon filed a billion-dollar class-action lawsuit against Texaco, as a result of massive ecological pollution of the area and rivers around Texaco's Ecuadorian offshore drilling sites, causing toxic contamination of approximately 30,000 residents.

Water pollution

Surface water pollution includes pollution of rivers, lakes and oceans.


Currently, Florida is one of only five states in the nation that prohibit citizens from buying electricity from companies that will put solar panels on your home or business.

Electricity generation

Recent advances in manufacturing efficiency and photovoltaic technology, combined with subsidies driven by environmental concerns, have dramatically accelerated the deployment of solar panels.

Florida

It is estimated that approximately 4% of energy in the state is generated through renewable resources.

Presidency of Donald Trump

The administration enacted 30% tariffs on imported solar panels.

Solar power in Florida

In 2006, the State of Florida enacted the Florida Renewable Energy Technologies and Energy Efficiency Act, which provided consumers with rebates and tax credits for solar photovoltaic systems.

Solar power in Florida

Developers in Florida have announced the addition of solar panels on all new homes in several subdivisions.


Despite attention on global warming, "fewer Americans carpool today to work than carpooled in 1980" and "SUVs have never been a larger proportion of the vehicles being sold in this country."

Sport utility vehicle

By 2003 there were 76 million SUVs and light trucks on U.S. roads, representing approximately 35% of the vehicles on the road.

Sport utility vehicle

In 2019, the International Energy Agency (IEA) reported that the global number of SUVs and crossovers on the road multiplied by six since 2010 — from 35 million to 200 million vehicles, and their market share has grown to 40 percent of worldwide new light vehicle sales at the end of the decade.

Sport utility vehicle

In 2015, global sales of SUVs overtook the "lower medium car" segment, to become the largest market segment, accounting for 22.9% of "light vehicle" sales in 2015.

Sport utility vehicle

The SUV segment further grew to 26% of the global passenger car market in 2016, then to 36.8% of the market in Q1–Q3 of 2017.

Sport utility vehicle

"SUVs Become the Largest and Fastest-Growing Automotive Segment in 2015".


Donald Trump "thinks that climate change is a hoax, invented by the Chinese."

Climate change denial

Donald Trump tweeted in 2012 that the Chinese invented "the concept of global warming" because they believed it would somehow hurt U.S. manufacturing.

Donald Trump

"With Gift and in Conversation, Vatican Presses Trump on Climate Change".

Donald Trump

Trump rejects the scientific consensus on climate change.

Global warming conspiracy theory

"The concept of global warming was created by and for the Chinese in order to make U.S. manufacturing non-competitive" (Tweet).

Global warming conspiracy theory

In 2012, Donald Trump claimed that "The concept of global warming was created by and for the Chinese in order to make U.S. manufacturing non-competitive."


Donald Trump claims Global Warming is a hoax

Climate change denial

"NASA Faked the Moon Landing—Therefore, (Climate) Science Is a Hoax".

Donald Trump, the 45th and current President of the United States, has said that "climate change is a hoax invented by and for Chinese."

Donald Trump

United States withdrawal from the Paris Agreement:27

Trump is a climate change skeptic, who in 2012 tweeted that he believed the concept of global warming was created by China in order to impair American competitiveness.

United States withdrawal from the Paris Agreement:324

"Fact: Trump claimed climate change is a hoax created by China".


Donald Trump signed an executive order naming climate change as a threat "both to the economy and national security."

Climate change policy of the United States:148

An executive order was issued by President Trump on January 24, 2017 that removed barriers from the Keystone XL and Dakota Access Pipelines, making it easier for the companies sponsoring them to continue with production.

Climate change policy of the United States:149

On March 28, 2017, President Trump signed an executive order aimed towards boosting the coal industry.

Donald Trump

"Executive Order Minimizing the Economic Burden of the Patient Protection and Affordable Care Act Pending Repeal".

Donald Trump

"LGBTQ Advocates Say Trump's New Executive Order Makes Them Vulnerable to Discrimination".

First 100 days of Donald Trump's presidency:194

On January 25, Trump signed an executive order, "Enhancing Public Safety in the Interior of the United States", to the Secretary of Homeland Security and the Attorney General and their departments and agencies to increase the enforcement of immigration laws which included the hiring of 10,000 "additional immigration officers".


Doubling the concentration of atmospheric CO2 from its pre-industrial level, in the absence of other forcings and feedbacks, would likely cause a warming of ~0.3Â°C to 1.1Â°C

Carbon dioxide in Earth's atmosphere

Following the start of the Industrial Revolution, atmospheric CO 2 concentration increased to over 400 parts per million and continues to increase, causing the phenomenon of global warming.

Climate change feedback

The higher CO2 levels led to an additional climate warming ranging between 0.1° and 1.5 °C.

Climate sensitivity

Without feedbacks the radiative forcing of approximately 3.7 W/m2, due to doubling CO 2 from the pre-industrial 280 ppm, would eventually result in roughly 1 °C global warming.

Climate sensitivity

The global temperature increase since the beginning of the industrial period (taken as 1750) is about 0.8 °C (1.4 °F), and the radiative forcing due to CO 2 and other long-lived greenhouse gases – mainly methane, nitrous oxide, and chlorofluorocarbons – emitted since that time is about 2.6 W/m2.

Global warming

Increased concentrations of gases such as CO 2 (~20%), ozone and N 2O are external forcing on the other hand.


During "the recent global warming summit in Copenhagen, Nancy Pelosi and others stayed at a five-star hotel on a trip costing nearly $10,000 per person."

2009 United Nations Climate Change Conference:126

The document was subtitled as "The Copenhagen Agreement" and proposes measures to keep average global temperature rises to two degrees Celsius above pre-industrial levels.

2009 United Nations Climate Change Conference:248

An article by Gerald Traufetter for Spiegel Online described the Copenhagen summit as a "political disaster," and asserted that the US and China "joined forces to stymie every attempt by European nations to reach agreement."

Climatic Research Unit email controversy:416

"A controversy over leaked e-mails exchanged among global warming scientists is part of a 'smear campaign' to derail next month's United Nations climate summit in Copenhagen, one of the scientists, meteorologist Michael Mann, said Tuesday...Climate change sceptics 'don't have the science on their side any more, so they've resorted to a smear campaign to distract the public from the reality of the problem and the need to confront it head-on in Copenhagen' said Mann"; Feldman, Stacy (25 November 2009).

Copenhagen Airport

In 2001 the five-star Hilton hotel opened with 382 rooms.

Scientific consensus on climate change:58

Scientific consensus on climate change

The New York Times reported that "the leading international network of climate scientists has concluded for the first time that global warming is 'unequivocal' and that human activity is the main driver, 'very likely' causing most of the rise in temperatures since 1950".


During a state House debate on a jobs and energy bill this week, Democrats offered an amendment that would put the Legislature on record saying that climate change is real and that humans are causing it.

Debbie Stabenow

Stabenow's proposed amendment to keep the Environmental Protection Agency from regulating greenhouse gas emissions for two years also drew criticism.

John Kasich

In a speech in April 2012, Kasich acknowledged that climate change is real and is a problem.

Marco Rubio

He disputes the scientific understanding of climate change, arguing that human activity does not play a major role in global warming and that proposals to address climate change would be ineffective and economically harmful.

Republican Party (United States)

From 2008 to 2017, the Republican Party went from "debating how to combat human-caused climate change to arguing that it does not exist", according to The New York Times.

Republican Party (United States)

In January 2015, the Republican-led U.S. Senate voted 98–1 to pass a resolution acknowledging that "climate change is real and is not a hoax"; however, an amendment stating that "human activity significantly contributes to climate change" was supported by only five Republican senators.


During the 2013 election campaign the Coalition said its first legislative priority in government would be to scrap the carbon tax.

Abbott Government

2013 Election Launching his campaign for the 2013 Election, Tony Abbott outlined the economic priorities of the Coalition, promising to tackle government debt, eliminate "waste" in government expenditure, and decrease taxes which place a burden on industry and business: We'll build a stronger economy so everyone can get ahead.

Abbott Government

We'll scrap the carbon tax so your family will be $550 a year better off.

Abbott Government

He committed to abolishing the carbon tax, to bring down power and gas prices, and to abolishing the mining tax to increase investment and employment.

Abbott Government

Labor and the Greens opposed the Coalition's promised abolition of carbon pricing, and the introduction of "direct action" carbon-reduction policies, but the Government secured cross bench support for the repeal of the tax in July 2014.

Tony Abbott

On the first day of the new Parliament, Abbott introduced legislation into Parliament to repeal the Carbon Tax, and commenced Operation Sovereign Borders, the Coalition's policy to stop illegal maritime arrivals, which received strong public support.


Electricity rates are 40 percent higher in states that have required utility companies to use a certain amount of renewable energy such as solar power.

Carbon tax

In addition to creating incentives for energy conservation, a carbon tax would put renewable energy sources such as wind, solar and geothermal on a more competitive footing, stimulating their growth.

Energy policy of the United States

A Renewable Portfolio Standard (RPS) is a mandate that requires electricity providers to supply to their customers a minimum amount of power from renewable sources, usually as a percentage of total energy use.

Smart grid

Smart grid technology is a necessary condition for very large amounts of renewable electricity on the grid for this reason.

Solar power

Also, Renewable portfolio standards impose a government mandate that utilities generate or acquire a certain percentage of renewable power regardless of increased energy procurement costs.

Wind power in the United States

Renewable portfolio standards require renewable energy to exist (most of them intermittent such as wind and solar), but at the expense of utilities and consumers.


Every four minutes, another American home or business goes solar.

Austin, Texas

The new city hall, built from recycled materials, has solar panels in its garage.

Baltimore

The wheel moves continuously, removing garbage and dumping it into an attached dumpster using only hydro and solar renewable power to keep its wheel turning.

Gainesville, Florida

The FIT allowed small businesses and homeowners to supply electricity into the municipal power grid and paid a premium for the clean, on-site generated solar electricity.

MetLife Stadium

"MetLife Stadium Solar Ring lighted with a programmable, customizable multi-color LED array".

MetLife Stadium

The Solar Ring consists of 1,350 building integrated photovoltaic (BIPV) solar panels assembled into 47 individual frames.