after a natural orbitally driven warming, atmospheric carbon dioxide content increases 800 years later

Carbon dioxide

Increases in atmospheric concentrations of CO 2 and other long-lived greenhouse gases such as methane, nitrous oxide and ozone have correspondingly strengthened their absorption and emission of infrared radiation, causing the rise in average global temperature since the mid-20th century.

Earth

Eocene

Along with the decrease of atmospheric carbon dioxide reducing the global temperature, orbital factors in ice creation can be seen with 100,000-year and 400,000-year fluctuations in benthic oxygen isotope records.

Paleocene–Eocene Thermal Maximum

The current warming period is expected to last another 50,000 years due to a minimum in the eccentricity of the Earth's orbit.

Paleocene–Eocene Thermal Maximum

The associated period of massive carbon release into the atmosphere has been estimated to have lasted from 20,000 to 50,000 years.


Each of the six major past ice ages began when the atmospheric carbon dioxide content was far higher than at present.

2012 in science

(BBC) 4 April A new, detailed record of past climate change has shown compelling evidence that the last ice age was ended by a rise in temperature driven by an increase in atmospheric carbon dioxide.

Climate of Mars

Much of this early atmosphere would have consisted of carbon dioxide.

Earth

The present pattern of ice ages began about 40 Mya, and then intensified during the Pleistocene about 3 Mya.

Geologic temperature record

The gradual intensification of this ice age over the last 3 million years has been associated with declining concentrations of the greenhouse gas carbon dioxide, though it remains unclear if this change is sufficiently large to have caused the changes in temperatures.

Peat

It decomposes and turns into carbon dioxide (CO 2), which is released into the atmosphere.


For decades, most scientists saw climate change as a distant prospect.

Climate change (general concept)

Scientists have identified many episodes of climate change during Earth's geological history; more recently since the industrial revolution the climate has increasingly been affected by human activities driving global warming, and the terms are commonly used interchangeably in that context.

Global warming

In the scientific literature, there is an overwhelming consensus that global surface temperatures have increased in recent decades and that the trend is caused mainly by human-induced emissions of greenhouse gases.

Scientific consensus on climate change:170

Scientific consensus on climate change

Decades of scientific research have shown that climate can change from both natural and anthropogenic causes.

Scientific consensus on climate change:267

Scientific consensus on climate change

Catastrophic effects in 50–100 years would likely be observed according to 41%, while 44% thought the effects would be moderate and about 13 percent saw relatively little danger.

Scientific consensus on climate change:299

Scientific consensus on climate change

US National Academy of Sciences: "In the judgment of most climate scientists, Earth's warming in recent decades has been caused primarily by human activities that have increased the amount of greenhouse gases in the atmosphere.


A recent essay in Scientific American argued that scientists “tend to underestimate the severity of threats and the rapidity with which they might unfold” and said one of the reasons was “the perceived need for consensus.”

Consciousness

After the conference, they signed in the presence of Stephen Hawking, the 'Cambridge Declaration on Consciousness', which summarizes the most important findings of the survey: "We decided to reach a consensus and make a statement directed to the public that is not scientific.

Intelligent design

Further criticism stems from the fact that the phrase intelligent design makes use of an assumption of the quality of an observable intelligence, a concept that has no scientific consensus definition.

Media coverage of global warming

But recently scientists and scholars have challenged the legitimacy of this journalistic core value with regard to matters of great importance on which the overwhelming majority of the scientific community has reached a well-substantiated consensus view.

Media coverage of global warming

As Stephen Schneider put it: “a mainstream, well-established consensus may be ‘balanced’ against the opposing views of a few extremists, and to the uninformed, each position seems equally credible.” Science journalism concerns itself with gathering and evaluating various types of relevant evidence and rigorously checking sources and facts.

Thomas Kuhn

Kuhn made several claims concerning the progress of scientific knowledge: that scientific fields undergo periodic "paradigm shifts" rather than solely progressing in a linear and continuous way, and that these paradigm shifts open up new approaches to understanding what scientists would never have considered valid before; and that the notion of scientific truth, at any given moment, cannot be established solely by objective criteria but is defined by a consensus of a scientific community.


[The 1990 IPCC report said] that the Antarctic ice sheets were stable

Cryosphere

The West Antarctic Ice Sheet is stable so long as the Ross Ice Shelf is constrained by drag along its lateral boundaries and pinned by local grounding.

James Hansen

He further stated that a lower limit on "dangerous anthropogenic interference" was set by the stability of the Greenland and Antarctic ice sheets.

Sea level rise

"Reassessment of the Potential Sea-Level Rise from a Collapse of the West Antarctic Ice Sheet".

Sea level rise

"Stability of the West Antarctic ice sheet in a warming world".

Sea level rise

The ice sheet has historically been considered to be relatively stable and has therefore attracted less scientific attention and observations compared to West Antarctica.


Hurricane Harvey gave Houston and the surrounding region a $125 billion lesson about the costs of misjudging the potential for floods

Houston

"Hurricane Harvey was year's costliest U.S. disaster at $125 billion in damages".

Houston

The damage for the Houston area is estimated at up to $125 billion U.S. dollars, and it is considered to be one of the worst natural disasters in the history of the United States, with the death toll exceeding 70 people.

Hurricane Harvey

It is tied with 2005's Hurricane Katrina as the costliest tropical cyclone on record, inflicting $125 billion (2017 USD) in damage, primarily from catastrophic rainfall-triggered flooding in the Houston metropolitan area and Southeast Texas.

Hurricane Harvey

Preliminary reporting from the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration set a more concrete total at $125 billion, making Harvey the 2nd costliest tropical cyclone on record, behind Hurricane Katrina with 2017 costs of $161 billion (after adjusting for inflation).

Hurricane Harvey

The National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration estimated total damage at $125 billion, with a 90% confidence interval of $90–160 billion.


In the early 2000s, ice shelves began disintegrating in several parts of Antarctica, and scientists realized that process could greatly accelerate the demise of the vastly larger ice sheets themselves.

Antarctica

Recent decades have witnessed several dramatic collapses of large ice shelves around the coast of Antarctica, especially along the Antarctic Peninsula.

Antarctica

Concerns have been raised that disruption of ice shelves may result in increased glacial outflow from the continental ice mass.

Ice shelf

In the last several decades, glaciologists have observed consistent decreases in ice shelf extent through melt, calving, and complete disintegration of some shelves.

Ice shelf

Two sections of Antarctica's Larsen Ice Shelf broke apart into hundreds of unusually small fragments (hundreds of meters wide or less) in 1995 and 2002, Larsen C calved a huge ice island in 2017.

Retreat of glaciers since 1850

In a 35-day period beginning on January 31, 2002, about 3,250 km2 (1,250 sq mi) of shelf area disintegrated.


The planet’s average ground temperature has risen by around 1.62F (0.9C)

Earth

At the center, the temperature may be up to 6,000 °C (10,830 °F), and the pressure could reach 360 GPa (52 million psi).

Earth

Without this heat-retention effect, the average surface temperature would be −18 °C (0 °F), in contrast to the current +15 °C (59 °F), and life on Earth probably would not exist in its current form.

Earth

As a result, the mean annual air temperature at sea level decreases by about 0.4 °C (0.7 °F) per degree of latitude from the equator.

Earth

About a billion years from now, all surface water will have disappeared and the mean global temperature will reach 70 °C (158 °F).

Jupiter

At the pressure level of 10 bars (1 MPa), the temperature is around 340 K (67 °C; 152 °F).


global temperatures have risen between 0.23F (0.13C) and 0.34F (0.19C) per decade

Global warming

Between 1993 and 2017, the global mean sea level rose on average by 3.1 ± 0.3 mm per year, with an acceleration detected as well.

Global warming

Currently, surface temperatures are rising by about 0.2 °C per decade.

Global warming

Temperatures rose by 0.0 °C–0.2 °C from 1720–1800 to 1850–1900 (Hawkins et al., 2017).

Global warming

Climate model projections summarized in the report indicated that during the 21st century the global surface temperature is likely to rise a further 0.3 to 1.7 °C (0.5 to 3.1 °F) in a moderate scenario, or as much as 2.6 to 4.8 °C (4.7 to 8.6 °F) in an extreme scenario, depending on the rate of future greenhouse gas emissions and on climate feedback effects.

Sea level rise

In contrast to East Antarctica and the Antarctic Peninsula, temperatures on West Antarctica have increased significantly with a trend between 0.08 °C (0.14 °F) per decade and 0.96 °C (1.7 °F) per decade between 1976 and 2012.


However the warming trend is slower than most climate models have forecast

Global cooling

The general public had little awareness of carbon dioxide's effects on climate, but Science News in May 1959 forecast a 25% increase in atmospheric carbon dioxide in the 150 years from 1850 to 2000, with a consequent warming trend.

Global cooling

When the model included estimated changes in solar intensity, it gave a reasonable match to temperatures over the previous thousand years and its prediction was that "CO 2 warming dominates the surface temperature patterns soon after 1980."

Global warming

Scientists can then run these scenarios through physical climate models to generate climate change projections.

Global warming

Physical climate models are also unable to reproduce the rapid warming observed in recent decades when taking into account only variations in solar output and volcanic activity.

James Hansen

They showed that the climate system may be responding faster than the models indicate.


In 1990 the United Nation’s Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC) predicted that temperatures would rise by 0.54F (0.3C) per decade.

Global warming controversy

Models referenced by the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC) predict that global temperatures are likely to increase by 1.1 to 6.4 °C (2.0 to 11.5 °F) between 1990 and 2100.

Global warming

Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change:112

They predict that under a "business as usual" (BAU) scenario, global mean temperature will increase by about 0.3 °C per decade during the [21st] century.

Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change:113

They judge that global mean surface air temperature has increased by 0.3 to 0.6 °C over the last 100 years, broadly consistent with prediction of climate models, but also of the same magnitude as natural climate variability.

Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change:166

The projections apply to the end of the 21st century (2090–99), relative to temperatures at the end of the 20th century (1980–99).


In its 5th assessment report in 2013, the IPCC estimated that human emissions are probably responsible for more than half of the observed increase in global average temperature from 1951 to 2010.

Carbon dioxide in Earth's atmosphere

In the IPCC Fifth Assessment Report the increase in CO2 was estimated to be responsible for 1.82 W·m2 of the 2.63 W·m2 change in radiative forcing on Earth (about 70%).

Global warming

The scientific consensus as of 2013[update], as stated in the IPCC Fifth Assessment Report, is that it "is extremely likely that human influence has been the dominant cause of the observed warming since the mid-20th century".

IPCC Fifth Assessment Report

This ocean warming accounts, with high confidence, for 90% of the energy accumulation between 1971 and 2010.

Scientific consensus on climate change:150

Scientific consensus on climate change

Human-caused increases in greenhouse gases are responsible for most of the observed global average surface warming of roughly 0.8 °C (1.5 °F) over the past 140 years.

Sea level rise

In its fifth assessment report (2013) the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC) estimated how much sea level is likely to rise in the 21st century based on different levels of greenhouse gas emissions.


But it means a chunk of the rise is coming from elsewhere.

Portable Network Graphics

If lowercase, the chunk may be safely copied regardless of the extent of modifications to the file.

Rise of the Olympian

She also pointed out that Themyscira plays a role, and from after what happened in Amazons Attack!, the Amazons themselves are going to return.

Rise of the Ottoman Empire

Depopulation resulting from the plague was thus almost certainly a major factor in the success of early Ottoman expansion into the Balkans, and contributed to the weakening of the Byzantine Empire and the depopulation of Constantinople.

Rise of the Planet of the Apes

Peter Travers of Rolling Stone noted that the film has mixed "twists lifted from 1972's Conquest of the Planet of the Apes and 1999's Deep Blue Sea".

Rise of the Planet of the Apes

In a 2009 interview, Wyatt said, "We've incorporated elements from Conquest of the Planet of the Apes, in terms of how the apes begin to revolt, but this is primarily a prequel to the 1968 film...Caesar is a revolutionary figure who will be talked about by his fellow apes for centuries...This is just the first step in the evolution of the apes, and there's a lot more stories to tell after this.


at the end of recent ice ages, the concentration of carbon dioxide in the atmosphere started to rise only after temperatures began to climb.

Carbon dioxide in Earth's atmosphere

Concentrations of CO 2 in the atmosphere were as high as 4,000 parts per million (ppm, on a molar basis) during the Cambrian period about 500 million years ago to as low as 180 ppm during the Quaternary glaciation of the last two million years.

Carbon dioxide in Earth's atmosphere

Reconstructed temperature records for the last 420 million years indicate that atmospheric CO 2 concentrations peaked at ~2000 ppm during the Devonian (∼400 Myrs ago) period, and again in the Triassic (220–200 Myrs ago) period.

Carbon dioxide

Increases in atmospheric concentrations of CO 2 and other long-lived greenhouse gases such as methane, nitrous oxide and ozone have correspondingly strengthened their absorption and emission of infrared radiation, causing the rise in average global temperature since the mid-20th century.

Eocene

The polar stratospheric clouds had a warming effect on the poles, increasing temperatures by up to 20 °C in the winter months.

Ice age

An ice age is a long period of reduction in the temperature of the Earth's surface and atmosphere, resulting in the presence or expansion of continental and polar ice sheets and alpine glaciers.


But by far the largest greenhouse gas is water vapour, which makes 95 per cent of the total.

Greenhouse gas

The most common gases in Earth's atmosphere are nitrogen (78%), oxygen (21%), and argon (0.9%).

Greenhouse gas

The next most common gases are carbon dioxide (0.04%), nitrous oxide, methane, and ozone.

Greenhouse gas

Water vapor accounts for the largest percentage of the greenhouse effect, between 36% and 66% for clear sky conditions and between 66% and 85% when including clouds.

Greenhouse gas

For example, methane and carbon monoxide (CO) are oxidized to give carbon dioxide (and methane oxidation also produces water vapor).

Greenhouse gas

The burning of coal, natural gas, and oil for electricity and heat is the largest single source of global greenhouse gas emissions.


CO2 is not powerful in that sense, the only thing it does in the system is make the planet greener.

Captain Planet and the Planeteers

Captain Pollution is weakened when he is in contact with pure elements such as clean water or sunlight, while he gains power from contact with pollutants, being able to absorb pollutant and emit radioactive rays (and is later shown to gain limitless power when in contact with pollutants after his resurrection).

City

Big cities were created as power images of a competitive society, conscious of its achievement potential.

City

But it is not a socialized collectivity of labor and it lacks significant power to disrupt or seize the means of production.

Marvel Universe

The Phoenix Force is a force of incredible power.

Orbital ring

This ring effectively provides near unlimited power to earth.


it’s virtually impossible to get funded for work that disputes climate change through other channels [other than oil companies]

Climate change denial

"Dirty Money, Oil Companies and Special Interests Spend Millions to Oppose Climate Legislation".

Climate change denial

Several large corporations within the fossil fuel industry provide significant funding for attempts to mislead the public about the trustworthiness of climate science.

Climate change denial

The coalition was financed by large corporations and trade groups from the oil, coal and auto industries.

Climate change denial

During the 1990s, the tobacco campaign died away, and TASSC began taking funding from oil companies including Exxon.

Climate change denial

The New York Times and others reported in 2015 that oil companies knew that burning oil and gas could cause climate change and global warming since the 1970s but nonetheless funded deniers for years.


One of the main areas of contention is the existence of two strange climate episodes known as The Medieval Warm Period (MWP) and the Little Ice Age.

Little Ice Age

The Little Ice Age (LIA) was a period of cooling that occurred after the Medieval Warm Period.

Medieval Warm Period

The Medieval Warm Period (MWP) also known as the Medieval Climate Optimum, or Medieval Climatic Anomaly was a time of warm climate in the North Atlantic region lasting from c. 950 to c. 1250.

Medieval Warm Period

The warm period became known as the Medieval Warm Period, and the cold period was called the Little Ice Age (LIA).

Medieval Warm Period

"The Medieval Climate Anomaly and the Little Ice Age in the eastern Ecuadorian Andes".

Medieval Warm Period

The period was followed by a cooler period in the North Atlantic and elsewhere termed the Little Ice Age.


The MWP lasted from about 950 to 1250AD, and temperature records appear to show it was even hotter than today

Medieval Warm Period

Medieval Warm Period

Medieval Warm Period

Global temperature records taken from ice cores, tree rings, and lake deposits, have shown that the Earth may have been slightly cooler globally (by 0.03 °C) than in the early and mid-20th century.

Medieval Warm Period

study found warmth exceeding 1961–1990 levels in Southern Greenland and parts of North America during the Medieval Climate Anomaly (defined in the study from 950 to 1250) with warmth in some regions exceeding temperatures of the 1990–2010 period.

Medieval Warm Period

The Medieval Warm Period (MWP) is generally thought to have occurred from c. 950–c.


But the period has caused a headache for climate scientists because clearly there was no upswell in carbon dioxide that could account for such swift warming.

Eocene

The cause of the warming is considered to be primarily due to carbon dioxide increases, because carbon isotope signatures rule out major methane release during this short term warming.

Global warming

This is due to carbon dioxide's very long lifetime in the atmosphere.

Ice age

In 2009, further evidence was provided that changes in solar insolation provide the initial trigger for the earth to warm after an Ice Age, with secondary factors like increases in greenhouse gases accounting for the magnitude of the change.

Ice age

There is considerable evidence that over the very recent period of the last 100–1000 years, the sharp increases in human activity, especially the burning of fossil fuels, has caused the parallel sharp and accelerating increase in atmospheric greenhouse gases which trap the sun's heat.

Mars ocean hypothesis

Despite a weak early Sun, the greenhouse effect from a thick carbon dioxide atmosphere, if bolstered with small amounts of methane or insulating effects of carbon-dioxide-ice clouds, would have been sufficient to warm the mean surface temperature to a value above the freezing point of water.


in 1995 one scientist at the IPCC – Jonathan Overpeck – wrote an email to a colleague claiming ‘we have to get rid of the Medieval Warm Period.’

Hockey stick controversy

This was the basis of a "schematic diagram" featured in the IPCC First Assessment Report of 1990 beside cautions that the medieval warming might not have been global.

Medieval Warm Period

However, that view was questioned by other researchers; the IPCC First Assessment Report of 1990 discussed the "Medieval Warm Period around 1000 AD (which may not have been global) and the Little Ice Age which ended only in the middle to late nineteenth century."

Soon and Baliunas controversy

The IPCC Second Assessment Report (SAR) of 1996 featured a graph of an early northern hemisphere reconstruction by Raymond S. Bradley and Phil Jones, and noted the 1994 reconstruction by Hughes and Henry F. Diaz questioning how widespread the Medieval Warm Period had been at any one time.

Temperature record of the past 1000 years:46

This was the basis of a "schematic diagram" featured in the IPCC First Assessment Report beside cautions that the medieval warming might not have been global.

Temperature record of the past 1000 years:59

When the IPCC TAR was still in draft, Fred Singer held a press event saying "We don't accept this" with Wibjörn Karlén who alleged that MBH99 showed neither a Medieval Warm Period nor a Little Ice Age, an inaccurate claim echoed soon afterwards by John Lawrence Daly.


it later emerged that its creator Dr Michael Mann had spliced too [sic] datasets together – tree-rings showing temperatures going back hundreds of years, then recent thermometer readings for the more recent decades.

Climatic Research Unit documents

He said that there was nothing "hidden or inappropriate" about it, and that his method of combining proxy data had been corroborated by numerous statistical tests and matched thermometer readings taken over the past 150 years.

Hockey stick controversy

Mann said, "Ten years ago, the availability of data became quite sparse by the time you got back to 1,000 AD, and what we had then was weighted towards tree-ring data; but now you can go back 1,300 years without using tree-ring data at all and still get a verifiable conclusion."

Hockey stick graph

Using various high-resolution proxies including tree rings, ice cores and sediments, Mann and Jones published reconstructions in August 2003 which indicated that "late 20th century warmth is unprecedented for at least roughly the past two millennia for the Northern Hemisphere.

Hockey stick graph

published on 10 February 2005 used a wavelet transform technique to reconstruct Northern Hemisphere temperatures over the last 2,000 years, combining low-resolution proxy data such as lake and ocean sediments for century-scale or longer changes, with tree ring proxies only used for annual to decadal resolution.

Hockey stick graph

Archives of climate proxies were developed: in 1993 Raymond S. Bradley and Phil Jones composited historical records, tree-rings and ice cores for the Northern Hemisphere from 1400 up to the 1970s to produce a decadal reconstruction.


The IPCC no longer includes the ‘Hockey stick’ chart in its reports.

Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change:17

Besides the Sixth Assessment Report, to be completed in 2022, the IPCC released the Special Report on Global Warming of 1.5 °C in October 2018, released an update to its 2006 Guidelines for National Greenhouse Gas Inventories—the 2019 Refinement—in May 2019, and delivered two further special reports in 2019: the Special Report on Climate Change and Land (SRCCL), published online on 7 August, and the Special Report on the Ocean and Cryosphere in a Changing Climate (SROCC), released on 25 September 2019.

Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change:258

A paragraph in the 2007 Working Group II report ("Impacts, Adaptation and Vulnerability"), chapter 10 included a projection that Himalayan glaciers could disappear by 2035 Glaciers in the Himalaya are receding faster than in any other part of the world (see Table 10.9) and, if the present rate continues, the likelihood of them disappearing by the year 2035 and perhaps sooner is very high if the Earth keeps warming at the current rate.

Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change:269

The third assessment report (TAR) prominently featured a graph labeled "Millennial Northern Hemisphere temperature reconstruction" based on a 1999 paper by Michael E. Mann, Raymond S. Bradley and Malcolm K. Hughes (MBH99), which has been referred to as the "hockey stick graph".

Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change:279

Contrarian John Lawrence Daly featured a modified version of the IPCC 1990 schematic, which he mis-identified as appearing in the IPCC 1995 report, and argued that "Overturning its own previous view in the 1995 report, the IPCC presented the 'Hockey Stick' as the new orthodoxy with hardly an apology or explanation for the abrupt U-turn since its 1995 report".

Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change:71

The IPCC has published five comprehensive assessment reports reviewing the latest climate science, as well as a number of special reports on particular topics.


Yet a study published just this week, by the Bjerknes Centre for Climate Research in Bergen, Norway, found that the natural climate system can change abruptly, without the need for any external forces.

Bjerknes Centre for Climate Research

The Bjerknes Centre for Climate Research is a climate research centre in Bergen, Norway.

Bjerknes Centre for Climate Research

The centres key areas of research is natural variability in the Earth system and man-made climate change.

Bjerknes Centre for Climate Research

Asgeir Sorteberg in the Special Report on managing the risks of extreme events and disasters to advance climate change adaption (SREX).

Greenland

Analysis of the layering and chemical composition of the cores has provided a revolutionary new record of climate change in the Northern Hemisphere going back about 100,000 years and illustrated that the world's weather and temperature have often shifted rapidly from one seemingly stable state to another, with worldwide consequences.

List of climate scientists

He has provided evidence that large, abrupt global climate changes have occurred repeatedly in the Earth’s history and has contributed to our understanding of the driving mechanisms of these changes.


Some scientists believe that solar activity is more likely to influence today’s climate than carbon dioxide, and Dr Soon has compiled data showing temperature in America, Canada and Mexico rises and falls in line with solar activity.

Attribution of recent climate change:200

Attribution of recent climate change

Another line of evidence against the sun having caused recent climate change comes from looking at how temperatures at different levels in the Earth's atmosphere have changed.

Global warming controversy

In the scientific literature, there is a strong consensus that global surface temperatures have increased in recent decades and that the trend is caused by human-induced emissions of greenhouse gases.

Global warming controversy

Our results show that the observed rapid rise in global mean temperatures seen after 1985 cannot be ascribed to solar variability, whichever of the mechanisms is invoked and no matter how much the solar variation is amplified.

Global warming

Another line of evidence for the warming not being due to the Sun is how temperature changes differ at different levels in the Earth's atmosphere.

Greenhouse gas

The 2007 Fourth Assessment Report compiled by the IPCC (AR4) noted that "changes in atmospheric concentrations of greenhouse gases and aerosols, land cover and solar radiation alter the energy balance of the climate system", and concluded that "increases in anthropogenic greenhouse gas concentrations is very likely to have caused most of the increases in global average temperatures since the mid-20th century".


The melting ice has led to global sea level rise of around eight inches since reliable record keeping began in 1880.

Greenland ice sheet

The Greenland Ice Sheet has experienced record melting in recent years since detailed records have been kept and is likely to contribute substantially to sea level rise as well as to possible changes in ocean circulation in the future if this is sustained.

Sea level rise

Since the last glacial maximum about 20,000 years ago, the sea level has risen by more than 125 metres (410 ft), with rates varying from less than a mm/year to 40+ mm/year, as a result of melting ice sheets over Canada and Eurasia.

Sea level rise

This acceleration is due mostly to human-caused global warming, which is driving thermal expansion of seawater and the melting of land-based ice sheets and glaciers.

Sea level rise

Between 1993 and 2018, thermal expansion of the oceans contributed 42% to sea level rise; the melting of temperate glaciers, 21%; Greenland, 15%; and Antarctica, 8%.

Sea level rise

"The melting of floating ice raises the ocean level".


until temperature increases began to slow down after 1998 and remained relatively stable for a period of 15 years

Global warming

Currently, surface temperatures are rising by about 0.2 °C per decade.

Global warming

An example of such an episode is the slower rate of surface temperature increase from 1998 to 2012, which was dubbed the global warming hiatus.

Global warming

Throughout this period ocean heat storage continued to progress steadily upwards, and in subsequent years surface temperatures have spiked upwards.

Ice age

An ice age is a long period of reduction in the temperature of the Earth's surface and atmosphere, resulting in the presence or expansion of continental and polar ice sheets and alpine glaciers.

Retreat of glaciers since 1850

The Little Ice Age was a period from about 1550 to 1850 when the world experienced relatively cooler temperatures compared to the time before and after.


In one particularly damning email, CRU director Phil Jones said he had used ‘Mike’s Nature trick’ to ‘hide the decline’ in temperatures in the second half of the 20th century.

Climatic Research Unit email controversy:43

Many commentators quoted one email in which Phil Jones said that he had used "Mike's Nature trick" in a 1999 graph for the World Meteorological Organization "to hide the decline" in proxy temperatures derived from tree-ring analyses when measured temperatures were actually rising.

Climatic Research Unit

In August 2009 its director, Phil Jones, told the science journal Nature that he was working to make the data publicly available with the agreement of its owners but this was expected to take some months, and objections were anticipated from National Meteorological Organisations that made money from selling the data.

Hockey stick controversy

The AR4 SPM statement was that "Average Northern Hemisphere temperatures during the second half of the 20th century were very likely higher than during any other 50-year period in the last 500 years and likely the highest in at least the past 1,300 years.

Hockey stick controversy

Despite this and the fact that 1999 had just seen record breaking global temperatures, the email was widely misquoted as a "trick" to "hide the decline" as though it referred to a decline in measured global temperatures, an accusation made publicly by the politicians Sarah Palin and Jim Inhofe.

Phil Jones (climatologist)

He temporarily stepped aside from Director of the CRU in November 2009 following a controversy over e-mails which were stolen and published by person(s) unknown.


In an interview with the BBC after the scandal broke, Dr Jones admitted there had been no statistically significant global warming since 1995

Climatic Research Unit email controversy:134

The American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS) reaffirmed its position on global warming and "expressed grave concerns that the illegal release of private emails stolen from the University of East Anglia should not cause policy-makers and the public to become confused about the scientific basis of global climate change.

Climatic Research Unit email controversy:147

Rajendra Pachauri, as chairman of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change, told the BBC in December 2009 that he considered the affair to be "a serious issue" and that they "will look into it in detail".

Climatic Research Unit email controversy:302

In late 2011, Steven F. Hayward wrote that "Climategate did for the global warming controversy what the Pentagon Papers did for the Vietnam war 40 years ago: It changed the narrative decisively."

Climatic Research Unit email controversy:511

Here is the quote: "The fact is that we can't account for the lack of warming at the moment and it is a travesty that we can't."

Climatic Research Unit email controversy:66

Nature considered that emails had not shown anything that undermined the scientific case on human-caused global warming or raised any substantive reasons for concern about the researchers' own papers.


The panel was forced to retract a statement in its 2007 report saying all Himalayan glaciers could melt entirely by 2035.

Criticism of the IPCC Fourth Assessment Report:24

A paragraph in the 938-page 2007 Working Group II report (WGII) included a projection that Himalayan glaciers could disappear by 2035.

Ganges

In 2007, the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC), in its Fourth Report, stated that the Himalayan glaciers which feed the river, were at risk of melting by 2035.

Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change:183

Two errors include the melting of Himalayan glaciers (see later section), and Dutch land area that is below sea level.

A paragraph in the 2007 Working Group II report ("Impacts, Adaptation and Vulnerability"), chapter 10 included a projection that Himalayan glaciers could disappear by 2035 Glaciers in the Himalaya are receding faster than in any other part of the world (see Table 10.9) and, if the present rate continues, the likelihood of them disappearing by the year 2035 and perhaps sooner is very high if the Earth keeps warming at the current rate.

Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change:325

The final WG I report was released on 30 April 2007 and the final AR4 Synthesis Report was released on 17 November 2007.Rajendra Pachauri, the IPCC chair, admitted at the launch of this report that since the IPCC began work on it, scientists have recorded "much stronger trends in climate change", like the unforeseen dramatic melting of polar ice in the summer of 2007, and added, "that means you better start with intervention much earlier".


The figure traditionally cited that suggests 97 per cent of climate scientists agree that global warming is man-made was also found to be flawed.

Climate change denial

Several researchers have concluded that around 97% of climate scientists agree with this consensus.

Global warming controversy

A 2010 paper in the Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences analysed "1,372 climate researchers and their publication and citation data to show that (i) 97–98% of the climate researchers most actively publishing in the field support the tenets of ACC [anthropogenic climate change] outlined by the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change, and (ii) the relative climate expertise and scientific prominence of the researchers unconvinced of ACC are substantially below that of the convinced researchers".

Global warming controversy

The authors found that 3974 of the abstracts expressed a position on anthropogenic global warming, and that 97.1% of those endorsed the consensus that humans are causing global warming.

Global warming

In the scientific literature, there is an overwhelming consensus that global surface temperatures have increased in recent decades and that the trend is caused mainly by human-induced emissions of greenhouse gases.

Global warming

The scientific consensus as of 2013[update], as stated in the IPCC Fifth Assessment Report, is that it "is extremely likely that human influence has been the dominant cause of the observed warming since the mid-20th century".


Climate skeptics argue temperature records have been adjusted in recent years to make the past appear cooler and the present warmer, although the Carbon Brief showed that NOAA has actually made the past warmer, evening out the difference.

Effects of global warming

It is a major aspect of climate change, and has been demonstrated by the instrumental temperature record which shows global warming of around 1 °C since the pre-industrial period, although the bulk of this (0.9°C) has occurred since 1970.

Global warming controversy

Improved measurement and analysis techniques have reconciled this discrepancy: corrected buoy and satellite surface temperatures are slightly cooler and corrected satellite and radiosonde measurements of the tropical troposphere are slightly warmer.

Hockey stick controversy

Reconstructions have consistently shown that the rise in the instrumental temperature record of the past 150 years is not matched in earlier centuries, and the name "hockey stick graph" was coined for figures showing a long-term decline followed by an abrupt rise in temperatures.

Hockey stick controversy

It concluded, "The weight of current multi-proxy evidence, therefore, suggests greater 20th-century warmth, in comparison with temperature levels of the previous 400 years, than was shown in the TAR.

Hockey stick controversy

In at least some areas, the recent period appears to be warmer than has been the case for a thousand or more years".


When the measuring equipment gets old and needs replacing, it often requires re-calibration.

Heat flux sensor

While heat flux sensors are typically supplied with a sensitivity by the manufacturer, there are times and situations that call for a re-calibration of the sensor.

Load cell

ISO9000 and most other standards specify a maximum period of around 18 months to 2 years between re-calibration procedures, dependent on the level of load cell deterioration.

Microphone

Since this may change over the lifetime of the device, it is necessary to regularly calibrate measurement microphones.

Sound reinforcement system

This tool is usually used by piping pink noise into the system and measuring the result with a special calibrated microphone connected to the RTA.

Surveying

Common in the oil and gas industry to replace old or damaged pipes on a like-for-like basis, the advantage of dimensional control survey is that the instrument used to conduct the survey does not need to be level.


A global network of 500 scientists and professionals has prepared this urgent message.

Emergency management

TIEMS is a Global Forum for Education, Training, Certification and Policy in Emergency and Disaster Management.

Emergency management

The National Institute of Disaster Management is a policy think-tank and training institution for developing guidelines and training programs for mitigating disasters and managing crisis response.

Global governance

Dr. Rajesh Tandon, president of the FIM (Montreal International Forum) and of PRIA (Participatory Research in Asia), prepared a framework document entitled "Democratization of Global Governance for Global Democracy: Civil Society Visions and Strategies (G05) conference."

Sustainability

The Millennium Ecosystem Assessment is an international synthesis by over 1000 of the world's leading biological scientists that analyzes the state of the Earth's ecosystems and provides summaries and guidelines for decision-makers.

Sustainability

The scientists declared "climate emergency" and called to stop Overconsumption, move from fossil fuels, eat less meat, stabilize population and more The philosophical and analytic framework of sustainability draws on and connects with many different disciplines and fields; in recent years an area that has come to be called sustainability science has emerged.


The Little Ice Age ended as recently as 1850.

Little Ice Age

Little Ice Age

(2012) state that cold summers and ice growth began abruptly between 1275 and 1300, followed by "a substantial intensification" from 1430 to 1455.

Little Ice Age

It has been conventionally defined as a period extending from the 16th to the 19th centuries, but some experts prefer an alternative timespan from about 1300 to about 1850.

Little Ice Age

The Little Ice Age ended in the latter half of the 19th century or early in the 20th century.

Little Ice Age

Greenland was largely cut off by ice from 1410 to the 1720s.


Only very few peer-reviewed papers even go so far as to say that recent warming is chiefly anthropogenic.

Global warming

In the scientific literature, there is an overwhelming consensus that global surface temperatures have increased in recent decades and that the trend is caused mainly by human-induced emissions of greenhouse gases.

Scientific consensus on climate change:130

Scientific consensus on climate change

The introduction includes this statement: There is strong evidence that the warming of the Earth over the last half-century has been caused largely by human activity, such as the burning of fossil fuels and changes in land use, including agriculture and deforestation.

Scientific consensus on climate change:291

Scientific consensus on climate change

A 2012 analysis of published research on global warming and climate change between 1991 and 2012 found that of the 13,950 articles in peer-reviewed journals, only 24 rejected anthropogenic global warming.

Scientific consensus on climate change:665

Scientific consensus on climate change

Institute of Biology policy page 'Climate Change' "there is scientific agreement that the rapid global warming that has occurred in recent years is mostly anthropogenic, ie due to human activity."

Scientific consensus on climate change:69

Scientific consensus on climate change

The global warming observed over the past 50 years is due primarily to human-induced emissions of heat-trapping gases.


In addition, [climate models] ignore the fact that enriching the atmosphere with CO2 is beneficial

Climate change mitigation

These include carbon dioxide (chemical formula: CO 2), methane (CH 4), nitrous oxide (N 2O), and a group of gases referred to as halocarbons.

Climate change mitigation

The reason for this is that human activities are adding CO2 to the atmosphere faster than natural processes can remove it (see carbon dioxide in Earth's atmosphere for a complete explanation).

Global warming

Human activity since the Industrial Revolution has increased the amount of greenhouse gases in the atmosphere, leading to increased radiative forcing from CO2, methane, tropospheric ozone, CFCs, and nitrous oxide.

Greenhouse gas

However, this excludes the balancing fluxes of CO 2 into the atmosphere from the geological reservoirs, which have slower characteristic rates.

Soil

As the planet warms, it has been predicted that soils will add carbon dioxide to the atmosphere due to increased biological activity at higher temperatures, a positive feedback (amplification).


There is no statistical evidence that global warming is intensifying[…] floods

Effects of global warming

Such events will continue to occur more often and with greater intensity.

Global warming

"Recent intensification of wind-driven circulation in the Pacific and the ongoing warming hiatus" (PDF).

Global warming

But, more accurately, global warming is the mainly human-caused increase in global surface temperatures and its projected continuation, while climate change includes both global warming and its effects, such as changes in precipitation.

Scientific consensus on climate change:20

Scientific consensus on climate change

"Increasing magnitudes of [global] warming increase the likelihood of severe, pervasive, and irreversible impacts."

Scientific consensus on climate change:221

Scientific consensus on climate change

Human activities are now causing atmospheric concentrations of greenhouse gases—including carbon dioxide, methane, tropospheric ozone, and nitrous oxide—to rise well above pre-industrial levels ... Increases in greenhouse gases are causing temperatures to rise ...


There is no statistical evidence that global warming is intensifying[…] droughts

Effects of global warming

Some evidence suggests that droughts have been occurring more frequently because of global warming and they are expected to become more frequent and intense in Africa, southern Europe, the Middle East, most of the Americas, Australia, and Southeast Asia.

Effects of global warming

more intense droughts and tropical cyclones) are more uncertain.

Global warming

Overall, higher temperatures bring more rain and snowfall, but for some regions droughts and wildfires increase instead.

Global warming

Climate change also increases droughts and heat waves that inhibit plant growth, which makes it uncertain whether this balancing feedback will persist in the future.

Global warming

Since the 1950s, droughts and heat waves have appeared simultaneously with increasing frequency.


For instance, wind turbines kill birds and insects, and palm-oil plantations destroy the biodiversity of the rainforests

Deforestation

Forests support biodiversity, providing habitat for wildlife; moreover, forests foster medicinal conservation.

Palm oil

However palm oil cultivation has been criticized for its impact on the natural environment, including deforestation, loss of natural habitats, and greenhouse gas emissions which have threatened critically endangered species, such as the orangutan and Sumatran tiger.

Palm oil

The IUCN maintains that replacing palm oil with other vegetable oils would necessitate greater amounts of agricultural land, negatively affecting biodiversity.

Wind turbine

Thousands of birds, including rare species, have been killed by the blades of wind turbines, though wind turbines contribute relatively insignificantly to anthropogenic avian mortality.

Wind turbine

In 2009, for every bird killed by a wind turbine in the US, nearly 500,000 were killed by cats and another 500,000 by buildings.


[data] show only slight warming, mostly at night and in winter

Cloud

The water reacts by radiating, also in the infrared, both upward and downward, and the downward longwave radiation results in increased warming at the surface.

Earth

Consequently, summers are 2.3 °C (4 °F) warmer in the Northern Hemisphere than in the Southern Hemisphere under similar conditions.

Earth

In winter, the climate becomes cooler and the days shorter.

Environmental impact of wind power

Overall, wind farms lead to a slight warming at night and a slight cooling during the day time.

Global warming

Since 1950, the number of cold days and nights have decreased, and the number of warm days and night have increased.


there has been no systematic increase in the frequency of extreme weather events,

Climate change adaptation

This causes a variety of secondary effects, namely, changes in patterns of precipitation, rising sea levels, altered patterns of agriculture, increased extreme weather events, the expansion of the range of tropical diseases, and the opening of new marine trade routes.

Climate of Argentina

These changes have impacted river flow, increased the frequency of extreme weather events, and led to the retreat of glaciers.

Effects of global warming on human health:379

This has led to an increase in the number and severity of extreme weather events.

Little Ice Age

This was associated with a 1.5 °C fall in temperature (determined from oxygen-isotope analysis) and an observed increase in El Niño frequency.

Malnutrition

Even small changes in temperatures can lead to increased frequency of extreme weather conditions.


Let’s find out by comparing the actual temperatures since 1979 with what the 32 families of climate models used in the latest U.N. report on climate science predicted they would be.

Effects of global warming on humans

There have been prediction models of temperature created to project the effects of global warming on the planet.

Global warming controversy

Models referenced by the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC) predict that global temperatures are likely to increase by 1.1 to 6.4 °C (2.0 to 11.5 °F) between 1990 and 2100.

Global warming

The 10th Emissions Gap Report issued by the United Nations Environment Programme (UNEP) predicts that if emissions continue to increase at the same rate as they have in 2010–2020, global temperatures would rise by as much as 4° by 2100.

Global warming

Climate model projections summarized in the report indicated that during the 21st century the global surface temperature is likely to rise a further 0.3 to 1.7 °C (0.5 to 3.1 °F) in a moderate scenario, or as much as 2.6 to 4.8 °C (4.7 to 8.6 °F) in an extreme scenario, depending on the rate of future greenhouse gas emissions and on climate feedback effects.

Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change:113

They judge that global mean surface air temperature has increased by 0.3 to 0.6 °C over the last 100 years, broadly consistent with prediction of climate models, but also of the same magnitude as natural climate variability.


the models predicted seven times as much warming as has been observed

Deforestation

The model predicted <0.2 °C warming for upper air at 700 mb and 500 mb.

General circulation model

However, the report also observed that the rate of warming over the period 1998–2012 was lower than that predicted by 111 out of 114 Coupled Model Intercomparison Project climate models.

General circulation model

Under the same emissions scenario but with a different model, the predicted median warming was 4.1 °C.

James Hansen

They found that the observed warming was similar to two of the three scenarios.

Scientific consensus on climate change:150

Scientific consensus on climate change

Human-caused increases in greenhouse gases are responsible for most of the observed global average surface warming of roughly 0.8 °C (1.5 °F) over the past 140 years.


Most of the atmospheric moisture originates in the tropical ocean, and the difference between surface and upper atmospheric temperature determines how much of the moisture rises into the atmosphere.

Extratropical cyclone

The peak time of subtropical cyclogenesis (the midpoint of this transition) in the North Atlantic is in the months of September and October, when the difference between the temperature of the air aloft and the sea surface temperature is the greatest, leading to the greatest potential for instability.

Low-pressure area

Worldwide, tropical cyclone activity peaks in late summer, when the difference between temperatures aloft and sea surface temperatures is the greatest.

Monsoon of South Asia

Consequently, the air above coastal lands heats up faster than the air above seas.

Water vapor

The upper temperature level is given by the soil or water surface of the earth, which absorbs the incoming sun radiation and warms up, evaporating water.

Water vapor

The increase in buoyancy can have a significant atmospheric impact, giving rise to powerful, moisture rich, upward air currents when the air temperature and sea temperature reaches 25 °C or above.


Globally averaged thermometers show two periods of warming since 1900: a half-degree from natural causes in the first half of the 20th century, before there was an increase in industrial carbon dioxide that was enough to produce it, and another half-degree in the last quarter of the century.

20th century

The average global temperature on Earth has increased by about 0.8° Celsius (1.4° Fahrenheit) since 1880; Two-thirds of the warming has occurred since 1975, at a rate of roughly 0.15-0.20 °C per decade.

20th century

One argument is that of global warming occurring due to human-caused emission of greenhouse gases, particularly carbon dioxide produced by the burning of fossil fuels.

Carbon dioxide

Increases in atmospheric concentrations of CO 2 and other long-lived greenhouse gases such as methane, nitrous oxide and ozone have correspondingly strengthened their absorption and emission of infrared radiation, causing the rise in average global temperature since the mid-20th century.

Carbon dioxide

Since the Industrial Revolution anthropogenic emissions – primarily from use of fossil fuels and deforestation – have rapidly increased its concentration in the atmosphere, leading to global warming.

Global warming

Before the Industrial Revolution, naturally occurring amounts of greenhouse gases caused the air near the surface to be warmer by about 33 °C (59 °F) than it would be in their absence.


The first adjustment changed how the temperature of the ocean surface is calculated, by replacing satellite data with drifting buoys and temperatures in ships’ water intake.

Instrumental temperature record

The sea record consists of surface ships taking sea temperature measurements from engine inlets or buckets.

Sea level

It varies globally in a range of ± 2 m. Historically, adjustments were made to sea-level measurements to take into account the effects of the 235 lunar month Metonic cycle and the 223-month eclipse cycle on the tides.

Sea surface temperature

The first automated technique for determining SST was accomplished by measuring the temperature of water in the intake port of large ships, which was underway by 1963.

Weather buoy

Both moored buoys and drifting buoys (drifting in the open ocean currents) are used.

Weather station

Weather conditions out at sea are taken by ships and buoys, which measure slightly different meteorological quantities such as sea surface temperature (SST), wave height, and wave period.


But each serial adjustment has tended to make the early years colder, which increases the warming trend.

Global cooling

The RSS satellite temperature record showed a slight cooling trend, but the UAH satellite temperature record showed a slight warming trend.

Global cooling

The general public had little awareness of carbon dioxide's effects on climate, but Science News in May 1959 forecast a 25% increase in atmospheric carbon dioxide in the 150 years from 1850 to 2000, with a consequent warming trend.

Global warming

Climate change adaptation is "the adjustment in natural or human systems in response to actual or expected climatic stimuli or their effects, which moderates harm or exploits beneficial opportunities".

Global warming

Because the climate system has large thermal inertia, it can take centuries for the climate to fully adjust.

Global warming

Globally, these effects are estimated to have led to a slight cooling, dominated by an increase in surface albedo.


Shelters in poorer countries are not repainted as often, and darker stations absorb more of the sun’s energy.

Australian residential architectural styles:201

Darker colours were originally used but, as the years went by, new brighter paint served as a welcoming change to open up the spaces and brighten up the homes.

City

For example, within the urban microclimate, less-vegetated poor neighborhoods bear more of the heat (but have fewer means of coping with it).

Earth shelter

Earth houses can be built using wide glass façades and dome-lights, allowing rooms to become bright and suffused with light.

Homelessness

The built environment in urban areas also contributes to the "heat island effect", the phenomenon whereby cities experience higher temperatures due to the predominance of dark, paved surfaces and lack of vegetation.

Homelessness

Acute conditions such as sunburn, dehydration, heat stroke and allergic reactions are also common.


Last month was the hottest June ever recorded, European satellite agency announces

2014 in science

Globally, June 2014 was the hottest June since records began in 1880, according to latest data from the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration (NOAA).

2015 in science

20 August July 2015 was the hottest month on Earth since records began in 1880, according to data from NOAA.

Heat wave

June 2019 was the hottest month on record worldwide, the effects of this were especially prominent in Europe.

Heat wave

"June was hottest ever recorded on Earth, European satellite agency announces".

List of weather records

According to the World Meteorological Organization, the reported temperature is the highest recorded in Asia.


temperatures were 6-10C above normal over most of France, Germany and northern Spain during the final days of the month, according to C3S.

Berlin

Temperatures can be 4 °C (7 °F) higher in the city than in the surrounding areas.

Paris

Summer days are usually warm and pleasant with average temperatures between 15 and 25 °C (59 and 77 °F), and a fair amount of sunshine.

Seville

The annual average temperature is 25.4 °C (78 °F) during the day and 13 °C (55 °F) at night.

Seville

Winters are mild: January is the coolest month, with average maximum temperatures of 16.0 °C (61 °F) and minimum of 5.7 °C (42 °F).

Valencia

March is transitional, the temperature often exceeds 20 °C (68 °F), with an average temperature of 19.3 °C (66.7 °F) during the day and 10.0 °C (50.0 °F) at night.


Rapid assessment of average temperatures in France between 26-28 June showed a “substantial” increase in the likelihood of the heatwave happening as a result of human-caused global warming, experts at the World Weather Attribution group said.

Attribution of recent climate change:131

Attribution of recent climate change

(2012) concluded that human activities had likely led to a warming of extreme daily minimum and maximum temperatures at the global scale.

Attribution of recent climate change:144

Attribution of recent climate change

(2012) attributed the 2010 Moscow and 2011 Texas heat waves to human-induced global warming.

Attribution of recent climate change:151

Attribution of recent climate change

(2012) stated that a combination of natural weather variability and human-induced global warming was responsible for the Moscow and Texas heat waves.

Scientific consensus on climate change:144

Scientific consensus on climate change

International Council of Academies of Engineering and Technological Sciences (CAETS) in 2007, issued a Statement on Environment and Sustainable Growth: As reported by the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC), most of the observed global warming since the mid-20th century is very likely due to human-produced emission of greenhouse gases and this warming will continue unabated if present anthropogenic emissions continue or, worse, expand without control.

Scientific consensus on climate change

Human-caused increases in greenhouse gases are responsible for most of the observed global average surface warming of roughly 0.8 °C (1.5 °F) over the past 140 years.


Heatwaves occur in any climate, but we know that heatwaves are becoming much more likely due to climate change.

Climate change, industry and society

Heatwaves Hot days, hot nights and heatwaves have become more frequent.

Global warming

Many regions have probably already seen increases in warm spells and heat waves, and it is virtually certain that these changes will continue over the 21st century.

Global warming

Just as on land, heat waves in the ocean occur more due to climate change, with harmful effects found on a wide range of organisms such as corals, kelp, and seabirds.

Global warming

The effects of climate change on human systems, mostly due to warming and shifts in precipitation, have been detected worldwide.

Scientific consensus on climate change:715

Scientific consensus on climate change

As the Earth's climate warms, we are seeing many changes: stronger, more destructive hurricanes; heavier rainfall; more disastrous flooding; more areas of the world experiencing severe drought; and more heat waves."


While members of the media may nod along to such claims [about changes in weather extremes], the evidence paints a different story

Attribution of recent climate change:110

Attribution of recent climate change

As noted, clear and compelling scientific evidence supports the case for a pronounced human influence on global climate.

Attribution of recent climate change:126

Attribution of recent climate change

One of the subjects discussed in the literature is whether or not extreme weather events can be attributed to human activities.

Attribution of recent climate change:129

Attribution of recent climate change

They were, however, more confident over attributing changes in long-term trends of extreme weather.

Climate change denial

Antilla 2005: "One problematic trend of the US media has been the suggestion that substantive disagreement exists within the international scientific community as to the reality of anthropogenic climate change; however, this concept is false…Although the science of climate change does not appear to be a prime news topic for most of the 255 newspapers included in this study…articles that framed climate change in terms of debate, controversy, or uncertainty were plentiful."

Scientific consensus on climate change:721

Scientific consensus on climate change

This could lead to changing, and for all emissions scenarios more unpredictable, weather patterns around the world, less frost days, more extreme events (droughts and storm or flood disasters), and warmer sea temperatures and melting glaciers causing sea levels to rise.


They concluded that trends toward rising climate damages were mainly due to increased population and economic activity in the path of storms, that it was not currently possible to determine the portion of damages attributable to greenhouse gases, and that they didn’t expect that situation to change in the near future.

Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change:237

Among other findings, the report concluded that sea level rises could be up to two feet higher by the year 2100, even if efforts to reduce greenhouse gas emissions and to limit global warming are successful; coastal cities across the world could see so-called "storm[s] of the century" at least once a year.

Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change:358

"The IPCC Third Assessment Report'] conclusion that most of the observed warming of the last 50 years is likely to have been due to the increase in greenhouse gas concentrations accurately reflects the current thinking of the scientific community on this issue".

Scientific consensus on climate change:184

Scientific consensus on climate change

They state further that the "continuing reliance on combustion of fossil fuels as the world's primary source of energy will lead to much higher atmospheric concentrations of greenhouse gases, which will, in turn, cause significant increases in surface temperature, sea level, ocean acidification, and their related consequences to the environment and society".

Scientific consensus on climate change:38

Scientific consensus on climate change

It said that Continued emission of greenhouse gases will cause further warming and long-lasting changes in all components of the climate system, increasing the likelihood of severe, pervasive and irreversible impacts for people and ecosystems.

Scientific consensus on climate change:692

Scientific consensus on climate change

While ‘climate change’ can be due to natural forces or human activity, there is now substantial evidence to indicate that human activity – and specifically increased greenhouse gas (GHGs) emissions – is a key factor in the pace and extent of global temperature increases.


Globally there’s no clear evidence of trends and patterns in extreme events such as droughts, hurricanes and floods.

El Niño–Southern Oscillation

The extremes of this climate pattern's oscillations cause extreme weather (such as floods and droughts) in many regions of the world.

Natural disaster

A natural disaster is a major adverse event resulting from natural processes of the Earth; examples are floods, hurricanes, tornadoes, volcanic eruptions, earthquakes, tsunamis, storms, and other geologic processes.

Scientific consensus on climate change:137

Scientific consensus on climate change

Documented long-term climate changes include changes in Arctic temperatures and ice, widespread changes in precipitation amounts, ocean salinity, wind patterns and extreme weather including droughts, heavy precipitation, heat waves and the intensity of tropical cyclones.

Scientific consensus on climate change:693

Scientific consensus on climate change

Health impacts of climate change include the direct impacts of extreme events such as storms, floods, heatwaves and fires and the indirect effects of longer-term changes, such as drought, changes to the food and water supply, resource conflicts and population shifts.

Scientific consensus on climate change


There’s no trend in hurricane-related flooding in the U.S.

2008 Atlantic hurricane season

Widespread heavy rainfall contributed to significant inland flooding from Louisiana into Arkansas.

2008 Atlantic hurricane season

Storm surge and heavy rainfall contributed to flooding, particularly in low-lying locales and across New Hampshire.

Atlantic hurricane

While the number of storms in the Atlantic has increased since 1995, there is no obvious global trend.

Hurricane Agnes

The most significant effects, by far, occurred in Pennsylvania, mostly due to intense flooding.

North Carolina

North Carolina experiences severe weather in both summer and winter, with summer bringing threat of hurricanes, tropical storms, heavy rain, and flooding.


Nor is there evidence of an increase in floods globally.

Effects of global warming on human health:396

With the increase in temperatures worldwide due to climate change the increase in flooding is unavoidable.

Physical impacts of climate change

The increase in global freshwater flow, based on data from 1994 to 2006, was about 18%.

Sea level rise

Widespread coastal flooding is expected with several degrees of warming sustained for millennia.

Sea level rise

Such impacts include increased coastal erosion, higher storm-surge flooding, inhibition of primary production processes, more extensive coastal inundation, changes in surface water quality and groundwater characteristics, increased loss of property and coastal habitats, increased flood risk and potential loss of life, loss of non-monetary cultural resources and values, impacts on agriculture and aquaculture through decline in soil and water quality, and loss of tourism, recreation, and transportation functions.

Sea level rise

Sea level rise causes an increase in frequency and magnitude of floodings in the city that already spent more than 6 billion$ on the flood barrier system.


Since 1965, more parts of the U.S. have seen a decrease in flooding than have seen an increase.

Effects of global warming

More than 90 US coastal cities are already experiencing chronic flooding and that number is expected to double by 2030.

Effects of global warming

When this turns to rain, it tends to come in heavy downpours potentially leading to more floods.

Effects of global warming

In the United States and many other parts of the world there has been a marked increase in intense rainfall events which have resulted in more severe flooding.

New York City

The driest year on record is 1965, with 26.09 inches (663 mm) of rainfall.

Vermont

According the Vermont state government, rainfall has significantly increased in the last 50 years, storms and flooding have increased, and winters have become warmer and shorter.


And from 1940 to today, flood damage as a percentage of GDP has fallen to less than 0.05 per cent per year from about 0.2 per cent.

Assam

According to the recent estimates, Assam's per capita GDP is ₹6,157 at constant prices (1993–94) and ₹10,198 at current prices; almost 40% lower than that in India.

Macau

Export-oriented manufacturing previously contributed to a much larger share of economic output, peaking at 36.9 per cent of GDP in 1985 and falling to less than 1 per cent in 2017.

Malaysia

Malaysia has had one of the best economic records in Asia, with GDP growing an average 6.5 per cent annually from 1957 to 2005.

United Kingdom

This compares to 0.3 per cent per year in the period 1991 to 2001 and 0.2 per cent in the decade 1981 to 1991.

Vietnam

In 1985, agriculture made up 37.2% of Vietnam's GDP; in 2008, that number had declined to 18.5%.


The bottom line is there’s no solid connection between climate change and the major indicators of extreme weather

Physical impacts of climate change

“The bottom line is that things are not that complicated,” Dr. Knutti said.

Physical impacts of climate change

Other likely changes are listed below: Increased areas will be affected by drought There will be increased intense tropical cyclone activity There will be increased incidences of extreme high sea level (excluding tsunamis) Storm strength leading to extreme weather is increasing, such as the power dissipation index of hurricane intensity.

Scientific consensus on climate change:193

Scientific consensus on climate change

This is especially true for smaller (seasonal and regional) scales and weather and climate extremes, and for important hydroclimatic variables such as precipitation and water availability.

Scientific consensus on climate change:228

Scientific consensus on climate change

The letter goes on to warn of predicted impacts on the United States such as sea level rise and increases in extreme weather events, water scarcity, heat waves, wildfires, and the disturbance of biological systems.

Scientific consensus on climate change

This could lead to changing, and for all emissions scenarios more unpredictable, weather patterns around the world, less frost days, more extreme events (droughts and storm or flood disasters), and warmer sea temperatures and melting glaciers causing sea levels to rise.


This requires us to work towards avoiding catastrophic possibilities rather than looking at probabilities, as learning from mistakes is not an option when it comes to existential risks.

Futures studies

"Wild cards" refer to low-probability and high-impact events, such as existential risks.

Human extinction

Nick Bostrom argues that it would be "misguided" to assume that the probability of near-term extinction is less than 25% and that it will be "a tall order" for the human race to "get our precautions sufficiently right the first time", given that an existential risk provides no opportunity to learn from failure.

Nick Bostrom

This principle states that we ought to retard the development of dangerous technologies, particularly ones that raise the level of existential risk, and accelerate the development of beneficial technologies, particularly those that protect against the existential risks posed by nature or by other technologies.

Risk

Measurement of uncertainty: A set of probabilities assigned to a set of possibilities.

Risk

The measure of uncertainty refers only to the probabilities assigned to outcomes, while the measure of risk requires both probabilities for outcomes and losses quantified for outcomes.


With that in mind, they propose a plausible and terrifying “2050 scenario” whereby humanity could face irreversible collapse in just three decades.

Mind Meld

Mind Meld: Secrets Behind the Voyage of a Lifetime is a 2001 American documentary film in which actors William Shatner and Leonard Nimoy discuss the Star Trek science fiction franchise and its effects on their lives.

Mind–body dualism

Naturalistic dualism comes from Australian philosopher, David Chalmers (born 1966) who argues there is an explanatory gap between objective and subjective experience that cannot be bridged by reductionism because consciousness is, at least, logically autonomous of the physical properties upon which it supervenes.

Mind–body dualism

Chalmers' argument is that it seems plausible that such a being could exist because all that is needed is that all and only the things that the physical sciences describe and observe about a human being must be true of the zombie.

Quantum mind

The quantum mind or quantum consciousness is a group of hypotheses which proposes that classical mechanics cannot explain consciousness.

Quantum mind

He proposed a scenario with a cat in a locked steel chamber, wherein the cat's life or death depended on the state of a radioactive atom, whether it had decayed and emitted radiation or not.


Their analysis calculates the existential climate-related security risk to Earth through a scenario set 30 years into the future.

Environmental sociology

They analyze the past 30 years of environmentalism and the different outcomes that the green movement has taken in different state contexts and cultures.

Future of Earth

Christopher Scotese and his colleagues have mapped out the predicted motions several hundred million years into the future as part of the Paleomap Project.

Global catastrophic risk

The authors of this study believe that the mentioned agricultural crisis will begin to have an effect on the world after 2020, and will become critical after 2050.

Global catastrophic risk

Those that are at least "trans-generational" (affecting all future generations) in scope and "terminal"[clarification needed] in intensity are classified as existential risks.

Global issue

A global catastrophic risk is a hypothetical future event which could damage human well-being on a global scale, even crippling or destroying modern civilization.


North America suffers extreme weather events including wildfires, drought, and heatwaves.

2010 Northern Hemisphere heat waves

The drought and heat wave combined to make wild fires inevitable.

2014 California wildfires

In May 2014, a series of at least 20 wildfires broke out in San Diego County during severe Santa Ana Wind conditions, historic drought conditions, and a heat wave.

Extreme weather

Yet, recent abnormally intense storms, hurricanes, floods, heatwaves, droughts and associated large-scale wildfires have led to unprecendente negative ecological consequences for tropical forests and coral reefs around the world.

Heat wave

A heat wave, or heatwave, is a period of excessively hot weather, which may be accompanied by high humidity, especially in oceanic climate countries.

Heat wave

A heat wave is considered extreme weather that can be a natural disaster, and a danger because heat and sunlight may overheat the human body.


Monsoons in China fail, the great rivers of Asia virtually dry up, and rainfall in central America falls by half.

Climate of Asia

The monsoon accounts for 80% of the rainfall in India[citation needed].

Desert

A desert is a region of land that is very dry because it receives low amounts of precipitation (usually in the form of rain, but it may be snow, mist or fog), often has little coverage by plants, and in which streams dry up unless they are supplied by water from outside the area.

Humid subtropical climate

Rainfall often shows a summer peak, especially where monsoons are well developed, as in Southeast Asia and South Asia.

Humid subtropical climate

Summer rainfall comes from the East Asian Monsoon and from frequent typhoons.

Monsoon

Over three-quarters of annual rainfall in Northern Australia falls during this time.


The knock-on consequences affect national security, as the scale of the challenges involved, such as pandemic disease outbreaks, are overwhelming.

Bioterrorism

These high-priority agents pose a risk to national security, can be easily transmitted and disseminated, result in high mortality, have potential major public health impact, may cause public panic, or require special action for public health preparedness.

Influenza A virus

A pandemic, or worldwide outbreak of a new influenza virus, could dwarf this impact by overwhelming our health and medical capabilities, potentially resulting in hundreds of thousands of deaths, millions of hospitalizations, and hundreds of billions of dollars in direct and indirect costs.

National security

These include global environmental problems such as climate change due to global warming, deforestation, and loss of biodiversity.

National security

For example, Sweden's national security strategy of 2017 declared: "Wider security measures must also now encompass protection against epidemics and infectious diseases, combating terrorism and organised crime, ensuring safe transport and reliable food supplies, protecting against energy supply interruptions, countering devastating climate change, initiatives for peace and global development, and much more."

Pandemic

A pandemic is an epidemic occurring on a scale which crosses international boundaries, usually affecting a large number of people.


Armed conflicts over resources may become a reality, and have the potential to escalate into nuclear war.

Cold War

The Soviets suppressed the Hungarian Revolution of 1956, and later more escalating crises occurred, such as the Suez Crisis (1956), the Berlin Crisis of 1961 and the Cuban Missile Crisis of 1962, which was perhaps the closest the two sides came to nuclear war.

Cold War

The Cuban Missile Crisis (October–November 1962) brought the world closer to nuclear war than ever before.

United Nations in popular culture

This led to rising international tensions over the coming decades and eventually to a global nuclear war in 2077, destroying civilization across the globe.

Vietnam War

It was the closest the Cold War came to escalating into a full-scale nuclear war, and the U.S. raised the readiness level of Strategic Air Command (SAC) forces to DEFCON 2.

Violence

War is fought as a means of resolving territorial and other conflicts, as war of aggression to conquer territory or loot resources, in national self-defence or liberation, or to suppress attempts of part of the nation to secede from it.


The most recent IPCC report lays out a future if we limit global heating to 1.5°C instead of the Paris Agreement’s 2°C.

Global warming

In 2015 all UN countries negotiated the Paris Agreement, which aims to keep climate change well below 2 °C.

Global warming

In 2018 the IPCC published a Special Report on Global Warming of 1.5 °C which warned that, if the current rate of greenhouse gas emissions is not mitigated, global warming is likely to reach 1.5 °C (2.7 °F) between 2030 and 2052, risking major crises.

Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change:227

Meeting the Paris target of 1.5 °C (2.7 °F) is possible but would require "deep emissions reductions", "rapid", "far-reaching and unprecedented changes in all aspects of society".

Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change:229

Deep reductions in non-CO2 emissions (such as nitrous oxide and methane) will also be required to limit warming to 1.5 °C.

Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change:231

Holding this rise to 1.5 °C avoids the worst effects of a rise by even 2 °C.


By 2050 there’s a scientific consensus that we reached the tipping point for ice sheets in Greenland and the West Antarctic

Sea level rise

A study published in 2017 concluded that Greenland's peripheral glaciers and ice caps crossed an irreversible tipping point around 1997, and will continue to melt.

Sea level rise

Both the Greenland ice sheet and Antarctica have tipping points for warming levels that could be reached before the end of the 21st century.

Sea level rise

"A tipping point in refreezing accelerates mass loss of Greenland's glaciers and ice caps".

Tipping points in the climate system

For example, at some level of temperature rise the melt of a large part of the Greenland ice sheet and/or West Antarctic Ice Sheet will become inevitable; but the ice sheet itself may persist for many centuries.

Tipping points in the climate system

A 2019 UNEP study indicates that now at least for the Arctic and the Greenland ice sheet a tipping point has already been reached.


Like countless other organisms, we move and adapt when the environment changes.

Human impact on the environment

Human impact on the environment or anthropogenic impact on the environment includes changes to biophysical environments and ecosystems, biodiversity, and natural resources caused directly or indirectly by humans, including global warming, environmental degradation (such as ocean acidification), mass extinction and biodiversity loss, ecological crisis, and ecological collapse.

Natural environment

Efforts have been increasingly focused on the mitigation of greenhouse gases that are causing climatic changes, on developing adaptative strategies to global warming, to assist humans, other animal, and plant species, ecosystems, regions and nations in adjusting to the effects of global warming.

Natural environment

Although there is no universal agreement on the definition of life, scientists generally accept that the biological manifestation of life is characterized by organization, metabolism, growth, adaptation, response to stimuli and reproduction.

Natural environment

In biology, the science of living organisms, "life" is the condition which distinguishes active organisms from inorganic matter, including the capacity for growth, functional activity and the continual change preceding death.

Natural environment

Living organisms undergo metabolism, maintain homeostasis, possess a capacity to grow, respond to stimuli, reproduce and, through natural selection, adapt to their environment in successive generations.


when 3 per cent of total annual global emissions of carbon dioxide are from humans and Australia produces 1.3 per cent of this 3 per cent, then no amount of emissions reduction here will have any effect on global climate.

Agriculture

The 2011 UNEP Green Economy report states that "[a]agricultural operations, excluding land use changes, produce approximately 13 per cent of anthropogenic global GHG emissions.

Climate change mitigation

With a market share of 30% and (potentially) clean electricity, heat pumps could reduce global CO 2 emissions by 8% annually.

Greenhouse gas

In the modern era, emissions to the atmosphere from volcanoes are approximately 0.645 billion tonnes of CO 2 per year, whereas humans contribute 29 billion tonnes of CO 2 each year.

Greenhouse gas

Cumulative anthropogenic (i.e., human-emitted) emissions of CO 2 from fossil fuel use are a major cause of global warming, and give some indication of which countries have contributed most to human-induced climate change.

Greenhouse gas

Other countries with fast growing emissions are South Korea, Iran, and Australia (which apart from the oil rich Persian Gulf states, now has the highest percapita emission rate in the world).


whenever in the past there was an explosion of plant life, the carbon dioxide content was far higher than at present.

Botany

The concentration of carbon dioxide in the atmosphere today is much lower than it was when plants emerged onto land during the Ordovician and Silurian periods.

Carbon dioxide

Combustion of fossil fuels and deforestation have caused the atmospheric concentration of carbon dioxide to increase by about 43% since the beginning of the age of industrialization.

Carbon dioxide

Since the Industrial Revolution anthropogenic emissions – primarily from use of fossil fuels and deforestation – have rapidly increased its concentration in the atmosphere, leading to global warming.

Eocene

The end of the PETM was met with a very large sequestration of carbon dioxide into the forms of methane clathrate, coal, and crude oil at the bottom of the Arctic Ocean, that reduced the atmospheric carbon dioxide.

Eocene

A sharp increase in atmospheric carbon dioxide was observed with a maximum of 4000 ppm: the highest amount of atmospheric carbon dioxide detected during the Eocene.


If we halve the carbon dioxide content of the atmosphere, all life dies.

Atmosphere of Earth

By volume, dry air contains 78.09% nitrogen, 20.95% oxygen, 0.93% argon, 0.04% carbon dioxide, and small amounts of other gases.

Atmosphere of Mars

It is primarily composed of carbon dioxide (95.32%), molecular nitrogen (2.6%) and argon (1.9%).

Atmosphere of Venus

The atmosphere of Venus is composed of 96.5% carbon dioxide, 3.5% nitrogen, and traces of other gases, most notably sulfur dioxide.

Carbon dioxide

Currently, about half of the carbon dioxide released from the burning of fossil fuels remains in the atmosphere and is not absorbed by vegetation and the oceans.

Carbon dioxide


for thousands of millions of years the Earth has been changing, with cycles and one-off events such as an asteroid impact, super-volcano or a supernova explosion.

Earth

Tectonics and erosion, volcanic eruptions, flooding, weathering, glaciation, the growth of coral reefs, and meteorite impacts are among the processes that constantly reshape Earth's surface over geological time.

Earth

These dates change over time due to precession and other orbital factors, which follow cyclical patterns known as Milankovitch cycles.

Earth

This is predicted to produce changes such as the melting of glaciers and ice sheets, more extreme temperature ranges, significant changes in weather and a global rise in average sea levels.

Earth

Between approximately 4.1 and 3.8 Bya, numerous asteroid impacts during the Late Heavy Bombardment caused significant changes to the greater surface environment of the Moon and, by inference, to that of Earth.

Earth

High-latitude regions have since undergone repeated cycles of glaciation and thaw, repeating about every 40,000–100,000 years.


[subsidies for wind and solar] add to emissions because coal-fired electricity needs to be on standby for when there is no wind or sunshine.

Energy subsidy

Though in 2007 some suggested that a subsidy shift would help to level the playing field and support growing energy sectors, namely solar power, wind power, and bio-fuels., by 2017 those sources combined had yet to provide 10% of U.S. electricity, and intermittency forced utilities to remain reliant on oil, natural gas, and coal to meet baseload demand.

Energy subsidy

Because fossil fuels are a leading contributor to climate change through greenhouse gases, fossil fuel subsidies increase emissions and exacerbate climate change.

Fossil fuel

Fossil fuel-fired electric power plants also emit carbon dioxide, which may contribute to climate change.

Renewable energy commercialization

The Solar updraft tower (SUT) is a renewable-energy power plant for generating electricity from low temperature solar heat.

Renewable energy commercialization

Shifting these subsidies to the development of climate-benign energy sources such as wind, solar, biomass, and geothermal power is the key to stabilizing the earth's climate."


The amount of energy used to construct solar and wind facilities is greater than they produce in their working lives.

Net metering

The energy can be generated from a variety of renewable sources including solar, wind, and hydro.

Renewable energy

They found producing all new energy with wind power, solar power, and hydropower by 2030 is feasible and existing energy supply arrangements could be replaced by 2050.

Wind power

However, the estimated average cost per unit of electric power must incorporate the cost of construction of the turbine and transmission facilities, borrowed funds, return to investors (including cost of risk), estimated annual production, and other components, averaged over the projected useful life of the equipment, which may be in excess of twenty years.

Zero-energy building

Energy is usually harvested onsite through energy producing technologies like solar and wind, while reducing the overall use of energy with highly efficient lightning and heating, ventilation and air conditioning (HVAC) technologies.

Zero-energy building

The production of goods under net zero fossil energy consumption requires locations of geothermal, microhydro, solar, and wind resources to sustain the concept.


“As soon as renewables were introduced into the grid, electricity prices increased and delivery became unreliable.

Electrical grid

Electrical energy is stored during times when production (especially from intermittent power plants such as renewable electricity sources such as wind power, tidal power, solar power) exceeds consumption, and returned to the grid when production falls below consumption.

Electrical grid

In this way, a microgrid can effectively integrate various sources of distributed generation, especially renewable energy sources, and can supply emergency power, changing between island and connected modes.

Smart grid

The improved flexibility of the smart grid permits greater penetration of highly variable renewable energy sources such as solar power and wind power, even without the addition of energy storage.

Smart grid

Smart grid technology is a necessary condition for very large amounts of renewable electricity on the grid for this reason.

Smart grid

While traditionally load balancing strategies have been designed to change consumers' consumption patterns to make demand more uniform, developments in energy storage and individual renewable energy generation have provided opportunities to devise balanced power grids without affecting consumers' behavior.


Renewables such as wind turbines are environmentally disastrous because they pollute a huge land area, slice and dice birds and bats, kill insects that are bird food, create health problems for humans who live within kilometres of them, leave toxins around the turbine site and despoil the landscape.

Environmental impact of wind power

Fossil-fueled power plants, which wind turbines generally require to make up for their weather dependent intermittency, kill almost 20 times as many birds per gigawatt hour (GWh) of electricity according to Sovacool.

Human impact on the environment

These insects accumulate toxins in their exoskeletons and pass them on to insectivorous birds and bats.

Raptor conservation

Because they are opportunistic carnivores, birds of prey are at high risk of secondary poisoning by eating organisms that have been killed or debilitated by pesticides.

Wind turbine

Thousands of birds, including rare species, have been killed by the blades of wind turbines, though wind turbines contribute relatively insignificantly to anthropogenic avian mortality.

Wind turbine

damaging Australia's Great Barrier Reef) and by water acidification from combustion monoxides.


We have also been told the problem is DEFINITELY NOT a billions-year-old planet running through cycles where the temperature might fluctuate a bit.

Earth

Each layer has a different lapse rate, defining the rate of change in temperature with height.

Earth

This is predicted to produce changes such as the melting of glaciers and ice sheets, more extreme temperature ranges, significant changes in weather and a global rise in average sea levels.

Planetary habitability

The greater the eccentricity the greater the temperature fluctuation on a planet's surface.

Planetary habitability

If a day takes years, the temperature differential between the day and night side will be pronounced, and problems similar to those noted with extreme orbital eccentricity will come to the fore.

Planetary nebula

This may be explained by the presence of small temperature fluctuations within planetary nebulae.


there were no ice sheets covering either Greenland or West Antarctica, and much of the East Antarctic ice sheet was gone.

Antarctica

The mass balance of the East Antarctic Ice Sheet as a whole is thought to be slightly positive (lowering sea level) or near to balance.

Antarctica

West Antarctica is covered by the West Antarctic Ice Sheet.

Antarctica

East Antarctica is largely covered by the East Antarctic Ice Sheet.

West Antarctic Ice Sheet

Play media The Western Antarctic Ice Sheet (WAIS) is the segment of the continental ice sheet that covers West (or Lesser) Antarctica, the portion of Antarctica on the side of the Transantarctic Mountains which lies in the Western Hemisphere.

West Antarctica

It is separated from East Antarctica by the Transantarctic Mountains and is covered by the West Antarctic Ice Sheet.


a study that totally debunks the whole concept of man-made Global Warming

Attribution of recent climate change:131

Attribution of recent climate change

(2012) concluded that human activities had likely led to a warming of extreme daily minimum and maximum temperatures at the global scale.

Attribution of recent climate change:156

Attribution of recent climate change

Global Change Research Program concluded that "[global] warming is unequivocal and primarily human-induced."

Scientific consensus on climate change:443

Scientific consensus on climate change

Scientific consensus on climate change:462

Scientific consensus on climate change

"U.N. Report: Global Warming Man-Made, Basically Unstoppable".

Scientific consensus on climate change:837

Scientific consensus on climate change

Scientists Reach 100% Consensus on Anthropogenic Global Warming.


nothing we can do to stop the Earth’s naturally occurring climate cycles.

Earth

High-latitude regions have since undergone repeated cycles of glaciation and thaw, repeating about every 40,000–100,000 years.

Ice age

Earth's climate alternates between ice ages and greenhouse periods, during which there are no glaciers on the planet.

Ice age

The Milankovitch cycles are a set of cyclic variations in characteristics of the Earth's orbit around the Sun.

John D. Hamaker

The next ice age may be virtually upon us – a natural 100,000 year cycle which we are accelerating in many ways.

Natural environment

Shifting from meat-intensive diets to largely plant-based diets in order to help mitigate biodiversity loss and climate change.


Climatology

The study of contemporary climates incorporates meteorological data accumulated over many years, such as records of rainfall, temperature and atmospheric composition.

Climatology

Climatology deals with the aggregate data that meteorology has collected.

Climatology

As measuring technology changes over time, records of data cannot be compared directly.

Climatology

It uses monthly temperature and precipitation data.

The Western Journal

In February 2019, The Western Journal published an article which alleged "Climate Change ‘Heat Records’ Are a Huge Data Manipulation."


The idea that climate change is producing heat records across the Earth is among the most egregious manipulations of data in the absurd global warming debate.

Attribution of recent climate change

Attribution of recent climate change is the effort to scientifically ascertain mechanisms responsible for recent global warming and related climate changes on Earth.

Climate change (general concept)

This is the case for the conclusions that the Earth system is warming and that much of this warming is very likely due to human activities.

Global warming controversy

Using the long-term temperature trends for the earth scientists and statisticians conclude that it continues to warm through time.

Global warming controversy

Over several decades of development, models have consistently provided a robust and unambiguous picture of significant climate warming in response to increasing greenhouse gases.

Global warming controversy

According to the United States National Research Council, [T]here is a strong, credible body of evidence, based on multiple lines of research, documenting that climate is changing and that these changes are in large part caused by human activities.


On Feb. 7, several major newspapers carried stories of the declaration by NASA and NOAA that the past five years have been the warmest on record.

Instrumental temperature record

In January 2017, several scientific agencies around the world, including NASA and the NOAA in the United States and the Met Office in the United Kingdom, named 2016 the warmest year recorded.

Instrumental temperature record

Consistent with Schmidt's comment, the NASA / NOAA announcement stated that "globally-averaged temperatures in 2016 were 1.78 degrees Fahrenheit (0.99 degrees Celsius) warmer than the mid-20th century mean" and that the impact of El Niño warming was estimated to have "increased the annual global temperature anomaly for 2016 by 0.2 degrees Fahrenheit (0.12 degrees Celsius)."

Instrumental temperature record

Comments from climate scientists reported in The Washington Post showed strong agreement in attributing the warming primarily to anthropogenic climate change, with some contribution from El Niño warming, though there were differing views on the significance of individual records.

Instrumental temperature record

Even accounting for the presence of internal climate variability, recent years rank among the warmest on record.

Syracuse, New York

The latter was the warmest winter day on record.


Actual weather records over the past 100 years show no correlation between rising carbon dioxide levels and local temperatures.

Global cooling

The general public had little awareness of carbon dioxide's effects on climate, but Science News in May 1959 forecast a 25% increase in atmospheric carbon dioxide in the 150 years from 1850 to 2000, with a consequent warming trend.

Global warming controversy

Correlation of CO 2 and temperature is not part of this evidence.

Global warming

Throughout this period ocean heat storage continued to progress steadily upwards, and in subsequent years surface temperatures have spiked upwards.

Physical impacts of climate change

(2013) estimated that global warming had increased the probability of local record-breaking monthly temperatures worldwide by a factor of 5.

Regional effects of global warming

Regional effects of global warming are long-term significant changes in the expected patterns of average weather of a specific region due to global warming.