Florida ranks "45th out of 50 states'' for its regulatory climate for business.

Florida

The Miami Metropolitan Area is by far the largest urban economy in Florida and the 12th largest in the United States with a GDP of $345 billion as of 2017[update].

Florida

"Top 50 Water Ports by Tonnage—Bureau of Transportation Statistics".

Florida

As of 2013[update], Port Tampa Bay ranks 16th in the United States by tonnage in domestic trade, 32nd in foreign trade, and 22nd in total trade.

Florida

If it were a country, Florida would be the 16th largest economy in the world, and the 58th most populous as of 2018[update].

Georgia (U.S. state)

For the five years through November 2017, Georgia has been ranked the top state (number 1) in the nation to do business, and has been recognized as number 1 for business and labor climate in the nation, number 1 in business climate in the nation, number 1 in the nation in workforce training and as having a "Best in Class" state economic development agency.


Germany managed to increase its use of renewables and its output of carbon dioxide at the same time -- because it resorted to cheap coal to keep the lights on at a price its people could afford.

Carbon dioxide

In particular, the use of renewable energy for production of fuels from CO 2 (such as methanol) is attractive as this could result in fuels that could be easily transported and used within conventional combustion technologies but have no net CO 2 emissions.

Electricity generation

Many governments around the world provide subsidies to offset the higher cost of any new power production, and to make the installation of renewable energy systems economically feasible.

Germany

It also enforces energy conservation, green technologies, emission reduction activities, and aims to meet the country's electricity demands using 40% renewable sources by 2020.

Solar power

Both solar power and wind power are variable renewable energy, meaning that all available output must be taken whenever it is available by moving through transmission lines to where it can be used now.

Sustainable energy

As a result, despite energy efficiency gains, total energy use and related carbon emissions have continued to increase.


Global warming leads to much quicker spread of the Zika virus because the increased temperature, "makes mosquitoes mature faster, . . .

Effects of global warming on human health:14

Flooding creates more standing water for mosquitoes to breed; as well, shown that these vectors are able to feed more and grow faster in warmer climates.

Effects of global warming on human health:470

When temperature rises, the larvae take a shorter time to mature and, consequently, there is a greater capacity to produce more offspring.

Effects of global warming on human health:86

The hotter and wetter a climate is, the faster the mosquitoes can mature and the faster the disease can develop.

Zika fever

Zika fever is mainly spread via the bite of mosquitoes of the Aedes type.

Zika virus

However, rising global temperatures would allow for the disease vector to expand their range further north, allowing Zika to follow.


Gov. Palin ... is somebody who actually doesn't believe that climate change is man-made.

Climate change (general concept)

Climate change means a change of climate which is attributed directly or indirectly to human activity that alters the composition of the global atmosphere and which is in addition to natural climate variability observed over comparable time periods.

Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change:0

The Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC) is an intergovernmental body of the United Nations that is dedicated to providing the world with objective, scientific information relevant to understanding the scientific basis of the risk of human-induced climate change, its natural, political, and economic impacts and risks, and possible response options.

Sarah Palin

A changing environment will affect Alaska more than any other state...I'm not one though who would attribute it to being man-made Goldman, Russell (September 11, 2008).

Sarah Palin

Palin considers herself a conservationist and during the 2008 campaign demonstrated her skepticism about global warming politics, saying "of global warming, climate change, whether it's entirely, wholly caused by man's activities or is part of the cyclical nature of our planet...John McCain and I agree that we have to make sure that we're doing all we can to cut down on pollution."

Sarah Palin

After the election and the Climategate scandal, Palin spoke at a 2010 California logging conference calling studies supporting global climate change as "snake oil science".


Greg Hunt CSIRO research shows carbon emissions can be reduced by 20 per cent over 40 years using nature, soils and trees.

Carbon sink

To further reduce U.S. carbon dioxide emissions by 7%, as stipulated by the Kyoto Protocol, would require the planting of "an area the size of Texas [8% of the area of Brazil] every 30 years".

Climate change mitigation

Almost 20 percent (8 GtCO2/year) of total greenhouse-gas emissions were from deforestation in 2007.

Climate change mitigation

It is estimated that increasing the carbon content of the soils in the world's 3.5 billion hectares of agricultural grassland by 1% would offset nearly 12 years of CO2 emissions.

Global warming

There is a large potential for future reductions in emissions by a combination of activities, including energy conservation and increased energy efficiency; the use of low-carbon energy technologies, such as renewable energy, nuclear energy, and carbon capture and storage; decarbonizing buildings and transport; and enhancing carbon sinks through, for example, reforestation and preventing deforestation.

Reforestation

"Ireland to Plant 440 Million Trees in 20 Years to Fight Climate Change".


If every house in Florida had a solar-heated water tank, that would eliminate consumption by 17 percent.

Solar power

A 1-kilowatt system eliminates the burning of approximately 170 pounds of coal, 300 pounds of carbon dioxide from being released into the atmosphere, and saves up to 400 litres (105 US gal) of water consumption monthly.

Solar power

A hybrid wet/dry cooling system could reduce water consumption by 32 to 58 percent.

Solar water heating

In the temperate scenario this is sufficient to heat 200 litres of water by some 17 °C.

Solar water heating

When combined with storage, large scale solar heating can provide 50-97% of annual heat consumption for district heating.

Water heating

These may use electricity, natural gas, propane, heating oil, solar, or other energy sources.


If sea levels rise six feet due to climate change, Waterplace Park in Providence and Wickford village would be swamped

Climate change adaptation

Potential effects include sea level rise of 110 to 770 mm (0.36 to 2.5 feet) between 1990 and 2100, repercussions to agriculture, possible slowing of the thermohaline circulation, reductions in the ozone layer, increased intensity and frequency of extreme weather events, lowering of ocean pH, and the spread of tropical diseases such as malaria and dengue fever.

Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change:237

Among other findings, the report concluded that sea level rises could be up to two feet higher by the year 2100, even if efforts to reduce greenhouse gas emissions and to limit global warming are successful; coastal cities across the world could see so-called "storm[s] of the century" at least once a year.

Physical impacts of climate change

Instead of a global 5-meter sea level rise, western Antarctica would experience approximately 25 centimeters of sea level fall, while the United States, parts of Canada, and the Indian Ocean, would experience up to 6.5 meters of sea level rise.

Providence, Rhode Island

Providence is home to a 1,200-acre (4.9 km2) park system, notably Waterplace Park and Riverwalk, Roger Williams Park, Roger Williams National Memorial, and Prospect Terrace Park.

Waterplace Park

Waterplace Park is an urban park situated along the Woonasquatucket River in downtown Providence, Rhode Island.


If we got solar energy from "an area of the Southwestern desert 100 miles on a side, that would be enough, in and of itself, to provide 100 percent of all the electricity needs for the United States of America in a full year."

Solar energy

The 392 MW Ivanpah Solar Power Facility, in the Mojave Desert of California, is the largest solar power plant in the world.

Solar energy

In 2002, this was more energy in one hour than the world used in one year.

Solar energy

His plant used parabolic troughs to power a 45–52 kilowatts (60–70 hp) engine that pumped more than 22,000 litres (4,800 imp gal; 5,800 US gal) of water per minute from the Nile River to adjacent cotton fields.

United States

The United States energy market is about 29,000 terawatt hours per year.

United States

The remainder was supplied by nuclear power and renewable energy sources.


In reality, gas produced by fracking is worse for the climate than coal.

Coal

The largest and most long term effect of coal use is the release of carbon dioxide, a greenhouse gas that causes climate change and global warming.

Greenhouse gas

Although much less polluting than coal plants, natural gas-fired power plants are also major emitters.

Natural gas

Because burning natural gas produces both water and carbon dioxide, it produces less carbon dioxide per unit of energy released than coal, which produces mostly carbon dioxide.

Shale gas

In this new report, the EPA concluded that shale gas emits larger amounts of methane, a potent greenhouse gas, than does conventional gas, but still far less than coal.

Shale gas

Shale gas worse than coal for three impacts and better than renewables for four.


In South Florida, "we've had nine inches of sea-level rise since the 1920s."

Miami

The sea level rose quickly after that, stabilizing at the current level about 4,000 years ago, leaving the mainland of South Florida just above sea level.

Sea level rise

Between 1900 and 2016, the sea level rose by 16–21 cm (6.3–8.3 in).

Sea level rise

"Sea-Level Rise from the Late 19th to the Early 21st Century".

Sea level rise

Sea level rise


It takes as much energy to make a solar panel as it likely generates in its entire life.

Solar panel

Photovoltaic solar panels absorb sunlight as a source of energy to generate direct current electricity.

Solar panel

Even though such installations might not produce the maximum possible total energy, their power output would likely be more consistent throughout the day and possibly larger during peak demand.

Solar panel

Photovoltaic modules use light energy (photons) from the Sun to generate electricity through the photovoltaic effect.

Spirit (rover)

Normally the solar arrays on the rovers are able to generate up to 700 watt-hours (2,500 kJ) of energy per Martian day.

Spirit (rover)

Solar arrays generate about 140 watts for up to four hours per Martian day (sol) while rechargeable lithium ion batteries store energy for use at night.


Julia Gillard her decision not to argue against a fixed carbon price being labelled a "carbon tax" hurt her terribly politically.

Emissions trading

The fixed price lent itself to characterisation as a carbon tax and when the government proposed the Clean Energy Bill in February 2011, the opposition claimed it to be a broken election promise.

Julia Gillard

Gillard initially ruled out a "carbon tax" but said that she would build community consensus for a price on carbon and open negotiations with the mining industry for a re-vamped mining profits tax.

Julia Gillard

Following the 2010 hung parliament election result, the Labor Party elected to adopt the Australian Greens preference for a carbon tax to transition to an emissions trading scheme, establishing a carbon price via the Clean Energy Act 2011.

Julia Gillard

During the 2010 election campaign, Gillard also said that no carbon tax would be introduced under a government she led.

Julia Gillard

Prime Minister Kevin Rudd suffered a decline in his personal ratings, and a perceived loss of support among his own MPs, following the failure of the Government's insulation program, controversy regarding the implementation of a tax on mining, the failure of the government to secure passage of its carbon trading scheme and some policy debate about immigration policy.


May 2018 marked the 401st straight month of global temperatures exceeding the 20th century average.

20th century

The average global temperature on Earth has increased by about 0.8° Celsius (1.4° Fahrenheit) since 1880; Two-thirds of the warming has occurred since 1975, at a rate of roughly 0.15-0.20 °C per decade.

Cold wave

All the winter months that season saw temperatures well below average across the continent.

Cold wave

1956 1956 European cold wave – February 1956 was the coldest month of the twentieth century over large areas of Western Europe, with mean temperatures below 0 °C (32 °F) as far south as Marseilles being utterly unprecedented in records dating back into the eighteenth century.

Global warming

Currently, surface temperatures are rising by about 0.2 °C per decade.

Global warming

Since the pre-industrial period, global average land temperatures have increased almost twice as fast as global average temperatures.


Measurements indicating that 2017 had relatively more sea ice in the Arctic and less melting of glacial ice in Greenland casts scientific doubt on the reality of global warming.

Arctic

The Arctic is affected by current global warming, leading to Arctic sea ice shrinkage, diminished ice in the Greenland ice sheet, and Arctic methane release as the permafrost thaws.

Arctic

The effects of global warming in the Arctic include rising temperatures, loss of sea ice, and melting of the Greenland ice sheet.

Climate change in the Arctic

The effects of global warming in the Arctic, or climate change in the Arctic include rising air and water temperatures, loss of sea ice, and melting of the Greenland ice sheet with a related cold temperature anomaly, observed since the 1970s.

Global warming

Surface temperature increases are greatest in the Arctic, which has contributed to the retreat of glaciers, permafrost, and sea ice.

Sea level rise

This acceleration is due mostly to human-caused global warming, which is driving thermal expansion of seawater and the melting of land-based ice sheets and glaciers.


Melting of Arctic sea ice and polar icecaps is not occurring at unnatural rates and does not constitute evidence of a human impact on the climate.

Arctic sea ice decline

Arctic Sea ice maintains the cool temperature of the polar regions and it has an important albedo effect on the climate.

Arctic

Global warming

The effects of climate change on human systems, mostly due to warming and shifts in precipitation, have been detected worldwide.

Polar ice cap

The current rate of decline of the ice caps has caused many investigations and discoveries on glacier dynamics and their influence on the world's climate.

Scientific consensus on climate change:576

Scientific consensus on climate change

The melting of the polar ice caps, combined with thermal expansion, will lead to rises in sea levels that may impact adversely on our coastal cities.


Miami Congressman Carlos "Curbelo supports drilling offshore" and "repeatedly voted against President Obama's ability to fight pollution and combat climate change."

Carlos Curbelo

"Carlos Curbelo wants to be a Republican leader on climate change—if he can keep his seat".

Carlos Curbelo

"Miami Republican opposes allowing Arctic oil drilling in tax bill".

Carlos Curbelo

According to McClatchy, "Curbelo has broken ranks with his party to take lonely stands on high-profile topics ranging from abortion and women’s health to climate change, the environment, immigration and government spending."

Carlos Curbelo

According to Vote Smart's 2016 analysis, Curbelo generally supports pro-life legislation, opposes an income tax increase, opposes mandatory minimum sentences for non-violent drug offenders, supports lowering taxes as a means of promoting economic growth, opposes requiring states to adopt federal education standards, supports building the Keystone Pipeline, supports government funding for the development of renewable energy, supports the federal regulation of greenhouse gas emissions, supports repealing the Affordable Care Act, opposes requiring immigrants who are unlawfully present to return to their country of origin before they are eligible for citizenship, supports same-sex marriage, supports increased American intervention in Iraq and Syria beyond air support, and supports allowing individuals to divert a portion of their Social Security taxes into personal retirement accounts.

Carlos Curbelo

The Miami Herald wrote that Curbelo has "attempted to position himself as the national voice for Republicans who are concerned about climate change," describing him as "one of the few GOP voices speaking out against Donald Trump's decision to withdraw from the Paris Climate Agreement and his desire to dismantle the Environmental Protection Agency."


More money is dedicated within the Department of Homeland Security to climate change than what's spent combating "Islamist terrorists radicalizing over the Internet in the United States of America."

Homeland security

Homeland security is an American national security umbrella term for "the national effort to ensure a homeland that is safe, secure, and resilient against terrorism and other hazards where American interests, aspirations, and ways of life can thrive to the national effort to prevent terrorist attacks within the United States, reduce the vulnerability of the U.S. to terrorism, and minimize the damage from attacks that do occur".

Homeland security

Homeland security is officially defined by the National Strategy for Homeland Security as "a concerted national effort to prevent terrorist attacks within the United States, reduce America's vulnerability to terrorism, and minimize the damage and recover from attacks that do occur".

Islamic terrorism

"Terrorist Attacks in Kenya Reveal Domestic Radicalization".

Islamic terrorism

According to The Washington Post, "Online recruiting has exponentially increased, with Facebook, YouTube and the increasing sophistication of people online".

United States Department of Homeland Security:135

The center works on the Internet's routing infrastructure (the SPRI program) and Domain Name System (DNSSEC), identity theft and other online criminal activity (ITTC), Internet traffic and networks research (PREDICT datasets and the DETER testbed), Department of Defense and HSARPA exercises (Livewire and Determined Promise), and wireless security in cooperation with Canada.


More than 260,000 Americans are employed by the domestic solar industry â three times as many workers as employed by the entire coal mining industry.

Americans

Furthermore, there are approximately 40,000 Americans living and working in the Kingdom.

Economy of the United Kingdom

The industry employs around 113,000 people directly and around 276,000 indirectly and has an annual turnover of around £20 billion.

Infrastructure policy of Donald Trump:190

Infrastructure policy of Donald Trump

While the traditional fossil fuel industry employed 187,000 jobs in 2016, the wind power industry grew by nearly 32% to 102,000 people.

Infrastructure policy of Donald Trump:191

Infrastructure policy of Donald Trump

At the same time, the solar power industry grew by almost a quarter to 374,000 jobs.

Presidency of Donald Trump

The American solar energy industry is highly reliant on foreign parts (80% of parts are made abroad); as a result, the tariffs could raise the costs of solar energy, reduce innovation and reduce jobs in the industry—which in 2017 employed nearly four times as many American workers as the coal industry.


Antarctica

"Mass gains of the Antarctic ice sheet exceed losses".

Antarctica

"Study concludes Antarctica is gaining ice, rather than losing it".

Antarctica

"A 40-y record reveals gradual Antarctic sea ice increases followed by decreases at rates far exceeding the rates seen in the Arctic".

Antarctica

This ice sheet is constantly gaining ice from snowfall and losing ice through outflow to the sea.

Antarctica

According to NASA, the most widespread Antarctic surface melting of the past 30 years occurred in 2005, when an area of ice comparable in size to California briefly melted and refroze; this may have resulted from temperatures rising to as high as 5 °C (41 °F).


New Jersey is "losing 50 football fields of open space to development every day and the more we develop upstream the more flooding we have downstream."

New Jersey

During winter and early spring, New Jersey can experience "nor'easters," which are capable of causing blizzards or flooding throughout the northeastern United States.

New Jersey

This accessibility to consumer revenue has enabled seaside resorts such as Atlantic City and the remainder of the Jersey Shore, as well as the state's other natural and cultural attractions, to contribute significantly to the record 111 million tourist visits to New Jersey in 2018, providing US$44.7 billion in tourism revenue, directly supporting 333,860 jobs, sustaining more than 531,000 jobs overall including peripheral impacts, and generating US$5 billion in state and local tax revenue.

New Jersey

The other three villages – Ridgefield Park (now with a Walsh Act form), Ridgewood (now with a Faulkner Act Council-Manager charter) and South Orange (now operates under a Special Charter) – have all migrated to other non-village forms.

New Jersey

"Jersey City has gained nearly 15,000 residents since 2010, making it the fastest growing municipality in the state and a symbol of the Garden State's reinvigorated urban core."

Woodbridge Township, New Jersey

It is surrounded by water on three sides, the Arthur Kill, a tidal strait to the east, and tidal rivers to the south, Raritan River, and north, Rahway River; and, much of the developed land in Woodbridge has low elevations, as little as five feet above sea level.


Newspaper Article from 1922 Discusses Arctic Ocean Climate Change

Global cooling

Global cooling

Global warming

Regional impacts of climate change are now observable on all continents and across ocean regions.

Global warming

Both the terms global warming and climate change were used only occasionally until 1975, when Wallace Smith Broecker published a scientific paper on the topic, "Climatic Change: Are We on the Brink of a Pronounced Global Warming?".

Global warming

rising sea levels, shrinking Arctic sea ice).


Newt Gingrich "teamed with Nancy Pelosi and Al Gore on global warming."

Al Gore

"Urge Gore to Add Going Vegetarian to the Global Warming Pledge".

Al Gore

Gore was initially hesitant to be Bill Clinton's running mate for the 1992 United States presidential election, but after clashing with the George H. W. Bush administration over global warming issues, he decided to accept the offer.

Al Gore

He was known as one of the Atari Democrats, later called the "Democrats' Greens, politicians who see issues like clean air, clean water and global warming as the key to future victories for their party."

Newt Gingrich

Gingrich has identified education as "the number one factor in our future prosperity", and has partnered with Al Sharpton and Education Secretary Arne Duncan on education issues.

Newt Gingrich

"Former foes Clinton, Gingrich band up on health care plan".


No state generates as much solar power as California, or has as many people whose jobs depend on it.

California

Because it is the most populous state in the United States, California is one of the country's largest users of energy.

California

Due to the high electricity demand, California imports more electricity than any other state, primarily hydroelectric power from states in the Pacific Northwest (via Path 15 and Path 66) and coal- and natural gas-fired production from the desert Southwest via Path 46.

California

As a result of the state's strong environmental movement, California has some of the most aggressive renewable energy goals in the United States, with a target for California to obtain a third of its electricity from renewables by 2020.

California

Currently, several solar power plants such as the Solar Energy Generating Systems facility are located in the Mojave Desert.

California

Natural gas-fired power plants typically account for more than one-half of state electricity generation.


Not only is there no scientific evidence that CO2 is a pollutant, higher CO2 concentrations actually help ecosystems support more plant and animal life.

Air pollution

Pollutants emitted into the atmosphere by human activity include: Carbon dioxide (CO 2) – Because of its role as a greenhouse gas it has been described as "the leading pollutant" and "the worst climate pollutant".

Carbon dioxide

At very high concentrations (100 times atmospheric concentration, or greater), carbon dioxide can be toxic to animal life, so raising the concentration to 10,000 ppm (1%) or higher for several hours will eliminate pests such as whiteflies and spider mites in a greenhouse.

Carbon dioxide

Plants can grow as much as 50 percent faster in concentrations of 1,000 ppm CO 2 when compared with ambient conditions, though this assumes no change in climate and no limitation on other nutrients.

Climate change and ecosystems

Higher carbon dioxide concentrations will favourably affect plant growth and demand for water.

Wetland

Wetlands are also considered the most biologically diverse of all ecosystems, serving as home to a wide range of plant and animal life.


Obama administration's Clean Power Plan would have little or no effect on carbon dioxide emissions.

Clean Power Plan

The Clean Power Plan was an Obama administration policy aimed at combating anthropogenic climate change (global warming) that was first proposed by the Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) in June 2014.

Clean Power Plan

The final version of the plan aims to reduce carbon dioxide emissions from electrical power generation by 32 percent by 2030, relative to 2005 levels.

Clean Power Plan

By switching this coal generation to a cleaner source such as wind power, CO 2 emissions could be significantly reduced.

Clean Power Plan

The Obama administration designed the plan to lower the carbon dioxide emitted by power generators.

Clean Power Plan

In his announcement, Obama stated that the plan includes the first standards on carbon dioxide emissions from power plants ever proposed by the Environmental Protection Agency.


Over 97 percent of the scientific community â¦ believe that humans are contributing to climate change.

Human

Currently, through land development, combustion of fossil fuels, and pollution, humans are thought to be the main contributor to global climate change.

Scientific consensus on climate change:10

Scientific consensus on climate change

Of these, 97% agree, explicitly or implicitly, that global warming is happening and is human-caused.

Scientific consensus on climate change:266

Scientific consensus on climate change

97% of the scientists surveyed agreed that global temperatures had increased during the past 100 years; 84% said they personally believed human-induced warming was occurring, and 74% agreed that "currently available scientific evidence" substantiated its occurrence.

Scientific consensus on climate change:283

Scientific consensus on climate change

Seventy-five of 77 believed that human activity is a significant factor in changing mean global temperatures.

Scientific consensus on climate change:289

Scientific consensus on climate change

They found 4,014 which discussed the cause of recent global warming, and of these "97.1% endorsed the consensus position that humans are causing global warming".


Over the past eight years, the United States has reduced our total carbon pollution more than any other nation on Earth.

Air pollution

Smoke and carbon monoxide from wildfires.

Air pollution

"The Worst Climate Pollution Is Carbon Dioxide".

Climate change in the United States

Because of global warming, there has been concern in the United States and internationally, that the country should reduce total greenhouse gas which is relatively high per capita and is the second largest in the world after China, as of 2014.

Climate change in the United States

In the cumulative emissions between 1850 and 2007, the U.S. was at the top in terms of all world nations, involved with 28.8% of the world's total.

Recycling

The United States Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) has concluded in favor of recycling, saying that recycling efforts reduced the country's carbon emissions by a net 49 million metric tonnes in 2005.


President Donald Trump sent a video message to Belgian citizens criticizing their government for being part of the Paris Climate Change Agreement.

Donald Trump

In June 2017, Trump announced the withdrawal of the United States from the Paris Agreement, making the U.S. the only nation in the world to not ratify the agreement.

Environmental policy of the Donald Trump administration:15

Trump has pulled the United States out of the Paris climate accord, leaving the U.S. the only nation that has not joined the agreement.

Opinion polling on the Donald Trump administration:16

majority support   plurality support   majority oppose   plurality oppose On June 1, 2017, Donald Trump announced that the United States would withdraw from the Paris Agreement on climate change.

Presidency of Donald Trump

In June 2017, Trump announced U.S. withdrawal from the Paris Agreement, a 2015 climate change accord reached by 200 nations to cut greenhouse gas emissions, defying broad global backing for the plan.

Presidency of Donald Trump

He ended the Clean Power Plan, withdrew from the Paris Agreement on climate change mitigation, and urged for subsidies to increase fossil fuel production, calling man-made climate change a hoax.


President Obama's proposal calls for serious cuts in our own long-term carbon emissions, but China and India will still be allowed to increase their emissions.

2009 United Nations Climate Change Conference:132

The country submitted a proposed protocol which would have imposed deeper, legally binding emissions cuts, including on developing nations.

2009 United Nations Climate Change Conference:38

To cut carbon emissions by 15% below 2000 levels by 2020 if there is an agreement where major developing economies commit to substantially restrain emissions and advanced economies take on commitments comparable to Australia.

2009 United Nations Climate Change Conference:39

To cut carbon emissions by 5% below 2000 levels by 2020 unconditionally.

2009 United Nations Climate Change Conference:56

To cut carbon emissions by 15% below 1990 levels by 2020.

Emissions trading

It is one of the ways countries can meet their obligations under the Kyoto Protocol to reduce carbon emissions and thereby mitigate global warming.


President-elect Trump has selected a climate change skeptic to head the team in charge of the transition between Obama and Trump's Environmental Protection Agencies.

Donald Trump 2016 presidential campaign:150

Donald Trump 2016 presidential campaign

On May 9, Trump named New Jersey Governor Chris Christie to head a team to plan the transition of the presidency in the event of a Trump victory.

Donald Trump 2016 presidential campaign:1844

Donald Trump 2016 presidential campaign

President-elect Donald J. Trump today announced the formation of the White House National Trade Council (NTC) and his selection of Dr. Peter Navarro to serve as Assistant to the President and Director of Trade and Industrial Policy.

Mike Pence

Soon after the election, he was appointed chairman of President-elect Trump's transition team.

Scott Pruitt

During his January 18, 2017, confirmation hearing to be EPA Administrator, he said that "the climate is changing, and human activity contributes to that in some manner".

Scott Pruitt

Head Stacks Agency With Climate Change Skeptics".


Recent record-low water levels in Lake Michigan are evidence that global warming is leading to "the evaporation of our Great Lakes."

Global warming

This is due to the larger heat capacity of oceans and because oceans lose more heat by evaporation.

Great Lakes

"Great Lakes water levels reaching record lows".

Great Lakes

"More recently, evaporation over lakes has steadily been increasing, largely due to increases in water surface temperature," Gronewold said.

Great Lakes

"Climate change is lowering Great Lakes water levels.

Great Lakes

In 2013, record low water levels in the Great Lakes were attributed to climate change.


Scientists are "questioning the original idea that man-made global warming is what is causing the climate to change. "

Global warming

In the scientific literature, there is an overwhelming consensus that global surface temperatures have increased in recent decades and that the trend is caused mainly by human-induced emissions of greenhouse gases.

Global warming

"Scientific consensus: Earth's climate is warming".

Scientific consensus on climate change:11

Scientific consensus on climate change

It is "extremely likely" that this warming arises from "human activities, especially emissions of greenhouse gases" in the atmosphere.

Scientific consensus on climate change:58

Scientific consensus on climate change

The New York Times reported that "the leading international network of climate scientists has concluded for the first time that global warming is 'unequivocal' and that human activity is the main driver, 'very likely' causing most of the rise in temperatures since 1950".

Scientific consensus on climate change:69

Scientific consensus on climate change

The global warming observed over the past 50 years is due primarily to human-induced emissions of heat-trapping gases.


Scientists project that the Arctic will be ice-free in the summer of 2013.

Arctic Ocean

Research shows that the Arctic may become ice-free in the summer for the first time in human history by 2040.

Arctic sea ice decline

"US Navy predicts summer ice free Arctic by 2016".

Arctic sea ice decline

Given the estimated trend and the volume estimate for October–November of 2007 at less than 9,000 km3, one can project that at this rate it would take only 9 more years or until 2016 ± 3 years to reach a nearly ice-free Arctic Ocean in summer.

Arctic sea ice decline

The Third U.S. National Climate Assessment (NCA), released May 6, 2014, reports that the Arctic Ocean is expected to be ice free in summer before mid-century.

Arctic sea ice decline

Models that best match historical trends project a nearly ice-free Arctic in the summer by the 2030s.


Scotland's climate targets are toughest in the world

Michael Gove

"UK ivory ban to be 'toughest' in the world".

Renewable energy in Scotland

The following year new targets to reduce overall greenhouse gas emissions by 80% by 2050 were announced and then confirmed in the 2009 Climate Change Delivery Plan.

Scotland

"Sturgeon signs climate agreement with California".

Scotland

Cities such as Glasgow and Edinburgh were targeted by German bombers, as were smaller towns mostly located in the central belt of the country.

Scotland

The climate of most of Scotland is temperate and oceanic, and tends to be very changeable., As it is warmed by the Gulf Stream from the Atlantic, it has much milder winters (but cooler, wetter summers) than areas on similar latitudes, such as Labrador, southern Scandinavia, the Moscow region in Russia, and the Kamchatka Peninsula on the opposite side of Eurasia.


Sen. George LeMieux voted to let oil companies off the hook and overturn pollution rules.

BP

"Big Oil Let Off Hook Days After EU Drops Wall Street Probe".

United States Environmental Protection Agency:17

The Environmental Protection Agency has the power to issue regulations.

United States Environmental Protection Agency:202

The National Pollutant Discharge Elimination System (NPDES) permit program addresses water pollution by regulating point sources which discharge to US waters.

United States Environmental Protection Agency:51

Partly based on such litigation experience, Congress enacted the Federal Water Pollution Control Act of 1972, better known as the Clean Water Act.

United States Environmental Protection Agency:54

Four years later, in October 1976, Congress passed the Toxic Substances Control Act, which like FIFRA related to commercial products rather than pollution.


Photovoltaics

Solar photovoltaic power generation has long been seen as a clean energy technology which draws upon the planet's most plentiful and widely distributed renewable energy source – the sun.

Renewable energy

Renewable energy is energy that is collected from renewable resources, which are naturally replenished on a human timescale, such as sunlight, wind, rain, tides, waves, and geothermal heat.

Solar energy

Solar panel

Photovoltaic solar panels absorb sunlight as a source of energy to generate direct current electricity.

Solar panel

Photovoltaic modules use light energy (photons) from the Sun to generate electricity through the photovoltaic effect.


Surface temperatures on Earth "have stabilized."

Earth

This is predicted to produce changes such as the melting of glaciers and ice sheets, more extreme temperature ranges, significant changes in weather and a global rise in average sea levels.

Earth

Paleontological evidence and computer simulations show that Earth's axial tilt is stabilized by tidal interactions with the Moon.

Global warming

Surface temperature increases are greatest in the Arctic, which has contributed to the retreat of glaciers, permafrost, and sea ice.

Global warming

As stated in the Convention, this requires that greenhouse gas concentrations are stabilized in the atmosphere at a level where ecosystems can adapt naturally to climate change, food production is not threatened, and economic development can be sustained.

Water on Mars

The Earth is stabilized by its proportionally large moon, so it only wobbles a few degrees.


Tallahassee reduced its carbon intensity by roughly 40 percent.

Coal

A typical bituminous coal may have an ultimate analysis on a dry, ash-free basis of 84.4% carbon, 5.4% hydrogen, 6.7% oxygen, 1.7% nitrogen, and 1.8% sulfur, on a weight basis.

Greenhouse gas

Carbon dioxide mole fractions in the atmosphere have gone up by approximately 35 percent since the 1900s, rising from 280 parts per million by volume to 387 parts per million in 2009.

Greenhouse gas

For example, the mole fraction of carbon dioxide has increased from 280 ppm to 415 ppm, or 120 ppm over modern pre-industrial levels.

Hurricane Katrina

For example, by 2006 the decreased biomass in bottomland hardwood forests contributed an amount of carbon which equated to roughly 140% of the net annual U.S. carbon sink in forest trees.

Kyoto Protocol and government action:288

Kyoto Protocol and government action

These include a target to reduce the energy intensity of their GDP by 20% during the 2005–10 period.


The 2007's early start to Daylight Saving Time contributed to global warming.

Daylight saving time in the United States:0

Daylight saving time in the United States is the practice of setting the clock forward by one hour during the warmer part of the year, so that evenings have more daylight and mornings have less.

Daylight saving time

In Western Australia during summer 2006–2007, DST increased electricity consumption during hotter days and decreased it during cooler days, with consumption rising 0.6% overall.

Daylight saving time

The 2007 U.S. change conformed to the Energy Policy Act of 2005; previously, from 1987 through 2006, the start- and end-dates were the first Sunday in April and the last Sunday in October.

Daylight saving time

Germany led the way by starting DST (German: Sommerzeit) during World War I on April 30, 1916 together with its allies to alleviate hardships from wartime coal shortages and air raid blackouts.

Eastern Time Zone

Later, the Energy Policy Act of 2005 extended daylight saving time in the United States, beginning in 2007.


The Business Council, the Minerals Council, the Australian Industry Group, the Australian Chamber of Commerce and Industry, have all called for the [carbon] tax to be repealed.

Carbon tax

The law on carbon tax, also known as the Carbon Pricing Act, was passed on 20 March 2018.

Carbon tax

On 1 July 2012, the Australian Federal government introduced a carbon price of AUD$23 per tonne of emitted CO2-e on selected fossil fuels consumed by major industrial emitters and government bodies such as councils.

Carbon tax

On 17 July 2014, the Abbott Government passed repeal legislation through the Senate, and Australia became the first nation to abolish a carbon tax.

Carbon tax

The County Council repealed the fee in July 2012.

Carbon tax

"Carbon tax is gone: Repeal bills pass the Senate".


The carbon footprint on wind [energy] is significant.

Carbon footprint

Wind power and solar power, emit no carbon from the operation, but do leave a footprint during construction phase and maintenance during operation.

Carbon footprint

The CO2 footprint for heat is equally significant and research shows that using waste heat from power generation in combined heat and power district heating, chp/dh has the lowest carbon footprint, much lower than micro-power or heat pumps.

Carbon neutrality

This comes mainly from wind turbines situated right across Orkney Many initiatives seek to assist individuals, businesses and states in reducing their carbon footprint or achieving climate neutrality.

Renewable energy

"The 11 Biggest Wind Farms and Wind Power Constructions That Reduce Carbon Footprint".

Zero-energy building

Energy, particularly electricity and heating fuel, has a high carbon footprint.


The carbon tax is partly to blame for the closure of Alcoa's Point Henry aluminium smelter.

Alcoa

"Alcoa announces closure of Port Henry aluminium smelter".

Alcoa

In June 2013, Alcoa announced it would permanently close its Fusina primary aluminium smelter in Venice, Italy, where production had been curtailed since June 2010.

Alcoa

Two aluminium smelters are also operated in the state of Victoria at Portland and Point Henry; the Point Henry smelter was scheduled to be closed in August 2014.

Point Henry smelter

The Point Henry aluminium smelter was located near Geelong, Victoria in the suburb of Moolap prior to its closure in 2014.

Point Henry smelter

Following a board meeting in February 2014, Alcoa Chief Executive Klaus Kleinfeld announced that the smelter—along with two rolling mills—would close at the end of 2014.


The claim that 97 percent of scientists believe humans are causing climate change has been debunked by the "head" of the United Nations Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change.

Attribution of recent climate change:180

Attribution of recent climate change

The study found that 97% of the 489 scientists surveyed agreed that global temperatures have risen over the past century.

Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change:0

The Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC) is an intergovernmental body of the United Nations that is dedicated to providing the world with objective, scientific information relevant to understanding the scientific basis of the risk of human-induced climate change, its natural, political, and economic impacts and risks, and possible response options.

Scientific consensus on climate change:10

Scientific consensus on climate change

Of these, 97% agree, explicitly or implicitly, that global warming is happening and is human-caused.

Scientific consensus on climate change:266

Scientific consensus on climate change

97% of the scientists surveyed agreed that global temperatures had increased during the past 100 years; 84% said they personally believed human-induced warming was occurring, and 74% agreed that "currently available scientific evidence" substantiated its occurrence.

Scientific consensus on climate change:326

Scientific consensus on climate change

(i) 97–98% of the climate researchers most actively publishing in the field support the tenets of ACC (Anthropogenic Climate Change) outlined by the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change, and (ii) the relative climate expertise and scientific prominence of the researchers unconvinced of ACC are substantially below that of the convinced researchers.


The climate-change agreement between the United States and China "requires the Chinese to do nothing at all for 16 years."

2009 United Nations Climate Change Conference:173

One part of the agreement pledges US$30 billion to the developing world over the next three years, rising to US$100 billion per year by 2020, to help poor countries adapt to climate change.

China

It later produced a National Biodiversity Strategy and Action Plan, with one revision that was received by the convention on 21 September 2010.

Donald Trump

"President Trump Signs First Congressional Review Act Disapproval Resolution in 16 Years".

United States withdrawal from the Paris Agreement:0

On June 1, 2017, United States President Donald Trump announced that the U.S. would cease all participation in the 2015 Paris Agreement on climate change mitigation.

United States withdrawal from the Paris Agreement:40

Play media Play media In a televised announcement from the White House Rose Garden on June 1, 2017, Trump said, "In order to fulfill my solemn duty to protect the United States and its citizens, the United States will withdraw from the Paris climate accord," adding "The bottom line is that the Paris accord is very unfair at the highest level to the United States."


and three Nobel economic laureates support "direct investment in technology" rather than a carbon tax.

Joseph Stiglitz

He also thinks that the rest of the world should impose a carbon-adjustment tax (a protectionist measure) on American exports that do not comply with global standard.

Leonid Hurwicz

"Three Share Nobel in Economics for Work on Social Mechanisms".

Paul Samuelson

In 2003, Samuelson was one of the ten Nobel Prize–winning economists signing the Economists' statement opposing the Bush tax cuts.

William Nordhaus

The Yale economist William D. Nordhaus has spent the better part of four decades trying to persuade governments to address climate change, preferably by imposing a tax on carbon emissions.

William Nordhaus

Many of the news outlets that reported on Nordhaus's prize noted that he was in the advance wave of economists who embraced a carbon tax as a preferred method of carbon pricing.


The EPA director under Obama said the Clean Power Initiative would have no effect on man-made CO2 emissions.

Climate change policy of the United States:269

In 2014, President Barack Obama proposed a series of Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) regulations, known as the Clean Power Plan that would reduce carbon pollution from coal-fired power plants.

Climate change policy of the United States:92

In 2015, Obama also announced the Clean Power Plan, which is the final version of regulations originally proposed by the EPA the previous year, and which pertains to carbon dioxide emissions from power plants.

Emissions trading

Failing to get Congressional approval for such a scheme, President Barack Obama instead acted through the United States Environmental Protection Agency to attempt to adopt through rulemaking the Clean Power Plan, which does not feature emissions trading.

Environmental policy of the Donald Trump administration:414

The Clean Power Plan was an Obama administration policy aimed at combating global warming that was first proposed in 2014.

Lisa P. Jackson

During her tenure as EPA Administrator, Jackson oversaw the development of stricter fuel efficiency standards and the EPA's response to the Deepwater Horizon oil spill; authorized the recognition of carbon dioxide as a public health threat, granting the EPA authority to set new regulations regarding CO2 emissions; and proposed amending the National Ambient Air Quality Standards to set stricter smog pollution limits.


the media created the term "polar vortex" and the cold air proves "the ice isn't melting."

Arctic methane emissions

This warm air carries heat to the permafrost around the Arctic, and melts it.

Arctic

"Ice melting across globe at accelerating rate, NASA says."

Cloud

A cumulonimbus incus cloud top is one that has spread out into a clear anvil shape as a result of rising air currents hitting the stability layer at the tropopause where the air no longer continues to get colder with increasing altitude.

Early 2014 North American cold wave

This phenomenon has been suggested by some to result from the rapid melting of polar sea ice, which replaces white, reflective ice with dark, absorbent open water (i.e., the albedo of this region has decreased).

Early 2014 North American cold wave

"'Polar vortex' set to bring dangerous, record-breaking cold to much of US".


The most recent survey of climate scientists said about 57 percent don't agree with the idea that 95 percent of the change in the climate is caused by CO2.

Scientific consensus on climate change:136

Scientific consensus on climate change

Most of the climatic warming over the last 50 years is likely to have been caused by increased concentrations of greenhouse gases in the atmosphere.

Scientific consensus on climate change:150

Scientific consensus on climate change

Human-caused increases in greenhouse gases are responsible for most of the observed global average surface warming of roughly 0.8 °C (1.5 °F) over the past 140 years.

Scientific consensus on climate change:19

Scientific consensus on climate change

It is extremely likely (95–100% probability) that human influence was the dominant cause of global warming between 1951–2010.

Scientific consensus on climate change

97% of the scientists surveyed agreed that global temperatures had increased during the past 100 years; 84% said they personally believed human-induced warming was occurring, and 74% agreed that "currently available scientific evidence" substantiated its occurrence.

Scientific consensus on climate change:459

Scientific consensus on climate change

The Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change said the likelihood was 90 percent to 99 percent that emissions of heat-trapping greenhouse gases like carbon dioxide, spewed from tailpipes and smokestacks, were the dominant cause of the observed warming of the last 50 years.


The North Pole is melting "a bit" but the South Pole is getting bigger.

North Pole

The highest temperature yet recorded is 13 °C (55 °F), much warmer than the South Pole's record high of only −12.3 °C (9.9 °F).

North Pole

North Pole

"Freak storm pushes North Pole 50 degrees above normal to melting point" – via washingtonpost.com.

North Pole

South Pole

The polar ice sheet is moving at a rate of roughly 10 metres per year in a direction between 37° and 40° west of grid north, down towards the Weddell Sea.


The Obama administration "has been constrained by the Oil Pollution Act of 1990, which basically gives the responsible party the lead role in trying to not only fix the problem, but contain the problem."

Barack Obama

On September 30, 2009, the Obama administration proposed new regulations on power plants, factories, and oil refineries in an attempt to limit greenhouse gas emissions and to curb global warming.

Barack Obama

Obama's approach of selectively combining regulation and incentive to various issues in the domestic energy policy, such as coal mining and oil fracking, has received mixed commentary for not being as responsive to the needs of the domestic manufacturing sector as needed, following claims that the domestic manufacturing sector utilizes as much as a third of the nation's available energy resources.

The Clean Power Plan was an Obama administration policy aimed at combating global warming that was first proposed in 2014.

Joe Biden

His negotiations with congressional Republicans helped the Obama administration pass legislation including the Tax Relief, Unemployment Insurance Reauthorization, and Job Creation Act of 2010, which resolved a taxation deadlock; the Budget Control Act of 2011, which resolved that year's debt ceiling crisis; and the American Taxpayer Relief Act of 2012, which addressed the impending fiscal cliff.

Joe Biden

Biden then took the lead in trying to sell the agreement to a reluctant Democratic caucus in Congress, which was passed as the Tax Relief, Unemployment Insurance Reauthorization, and Job Creation Act of 2010.


The Obama administration is "proposing to mine another 10 billion tons of Wyoming coal, which would unleash three times more carbon pollution than Obama's Clean Power Plan would even save through 2030."

Clean Power Plan

The final version of the plan aims to reduce carbon dioxide emissions from electrical power generation by 32 percent by 2030, relative to 2005 levels.

Clean Power Plan

The EPA estimates the Clean Power Plan will reduce the pollutants that contribute to smog and soot by 25 percent, and the reduction will lead to net climate and health benefits of an estimated $25 billion to $45 billion per year in 2030.

Clean Power Plan

EPA projects that the plan will save the average American family $85 per year in energy bills in 2030, and it will save enough energy to power 30 million homes and save consumers $155 billion from 2020–2030.

Clean Power Plan

The plan would create 30 percent more renewable energy generation in 2030 and help to lower the costs of renewable energy.

Clean Power Plan

The Obama administration designed the plan to lower the carbon dioxide emitted by power generators.


The Obama administration's "own Environmental Protection Agency" has said its Clean Power Plan "will have a marginal impact on climate change."

Clean Power Plan

The Clean Power Plan was an Obama administration policy aimed at combating anthropogenic climate change (global warming) that was first proposed by the Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) in June 2014.

Clean Power Plan

Janet McCabe, an Obama Administration EPA department head, stated that the decision completely disregards the impacts of climate and the cost and benefits associated with the started programs.

Clean Power Plan

"The EPA Could Soon Formally Propose Repealing Obama's Key Climate Change Regulation".

Clean Power Plan

According to the League of Conservation Voters in 2015, the Clean Power Plan "established the first national limits on carbon pollution from existing power plants—our nation's single largest source of the pollution fueling climate change" and was "the biggest step" the United States had "ever taken to address climate change."

Clean Power Plan

According to the EPA fact sheet on the Clean Power Plan, climate change is responsible for everything from stronger storms to longer droughts and increased insurance premiums, food prices and allergy seasons.


The United States is the leading nation in the world "with the highest amount of doubt about the conventional wisdom of climate change."

Climate change denial

An Angus Reid poll released in 2010 indicates that global warming skepticism in the United States, Canada, and the United Kingdom has been rising.

Climate change denial

Newsweek reports that the majority of Europe and Japan accept the consensus on scientific climate change, but only one third of Americans considered human activity to play a major role in climate change in 2006; 64% believed that scientists disagreed about it "a lot."

Climate change denial

The number of these climate skeptics is greater in the US than in any other country.

Climate change denial

Today, climate change skepticism is most prominently seen in the United States, where the media disproportionately features views of the climate change denial community.

United States

The United States leads the world in scientific research papers and impact factor.


There are about 120,000 solar energy jobs in the United States, but only 1,700 of them are in Georgia.

Georgia (U.S. state)

In 2013, $189 million was invested in Georgia to install solar for home, business and utility use representing a 795% increase over the previous year.

Renewable energy in the United States

As of 2016, more than 260,000 people worked in the solar industry and 43 states deployed net metering, where energy utilities bought back excess power generated by solar arrays.

Renewable energy in the United States:71

Renewable energy in the United States

There were 90,000 wind operations jobs in the United States in 2015.

Solar power in the United States

The solar industry is currently one of the fastest growing in the United States, employing more than 250,000 people as of 2018.

Solar power in the United States

[clarification needed] Solar jobs have more than doubled in the United States over the last decade growing 153% since 2010 to 242,343 workers directly employed by the industry.


There are already more American jobs in the solar industry than in coal mining.

Coal mining

Cerrejón directly employs 4,600 workers, with a further 3,800 employed by contractors.

Coal mining

The country's coal industry employs about 500,000 people.

Renewable energy commercialization

A key benefit that this investment growth brings is a growth in jobs.

Renewable energy commercialization

Renewable power has been more effective in creating jobs than coal or oil in the United States.

West Virginia

"Today's Energy Jobs Are in Solar, Not Coal".


There is a link between climate change and the NSW bushfires.

2013 New South Wales bushfires

On 21 October, Christiana Figueres, a UN official on climate change, told CNN: The World Meteorological Organization has not established a direct link between this wildfire and climate change – yet.

2013 New South Wales bushfires

"'Absolutely' a link between climate change and wildfires, U.N. climate chief Figueres tells Amanpour".

2019–20 Australian bushfire season

Climate and fire experts agree that climate change is a factor known to result in increased fire frequency and intensity in south east Australia, and although it should not be considered as the sole cause of the 2019-20 Australian fires, climate change is considered very likely to have contributed to the unprecedented extent and severity of the fires.

2019–20 Australian bushfire season

The false claims are, in some cases, used to undermine the link between the current bushfires and the longer, more intense fire seasons brought about by climate change."

Wildfire

White House explains the link between Climate Change and Wild Fires.


there is no relationship between temperature and carbon dioxide emissions by Âhumans[...]

Global warming

"Response of Arctic temperature to changes in emissions of short-lived climate forcers".

Global warming

IPCC AR4 WG1 Ch1 2007, FAQ1.1: "To emit 240 W m−2, a surface would have to have a temperature of around −19 °C.

Scientific consensus on climate change:118

Scientific consensus on climate change

Human-induced warming and associated sea level rises are expected to continue through the 21st century...

Scientific consensus on climate change:221

Scientific consensus on climate change

Human activities are now causing atmospheric concentrations of greenhouse gases—including carbon dioxide, methane, tropospheric ozone, and nitrous oxide—to rise well above pre-industrial levels ... Increases in greenhouse gases are causing temperatures to rise ...

Scientific consensus on climate change:540

Scientific consensus on climate change

A consensus, based on current evidence, now exists within the global scientific community that human activities are the main source of climate change and that the burning of fossil fuels is largely responsible for driving this change...


There is not a single candidate in the Republican primary that thinks we should do anything about climate change.

Bernie Sanders 2016 presidential campaign:77

I believe we should have a tax on carbon and deal aggressively with climate change.

Jill Stein

Referring to President Franklin D. Roosevelt's New Deal approach to the Great Depression, Stein advocated a Green New Deal in her 2012 and 2016 campaigns, in which renewable energy jobs would be created to address climate change and environmental issues; the objective would be to employ "every American willing and able to work".

Lindsey Graham

Much of the Tea Party criticism focuses on his willingness to be bipartisan and work with Democrats on issues like climate change, tax reform and immigration reform and his belief that judicial nominees should not be opposed solely on their philosophical positions.

Republican Party (United States)

Since then, Republicans have increasingly taken positions against environmental regulation, with some Republicans rejecting the scientific consensus on climate change.

Ted Cruz

Cruz rejects the scientific consensus on climate change.


They (Clinton and Obama) have never to my knowledge been involved in legislation nor hearings nor engagement on this issue (climate change).

Al Gore

After joining the House of Representatives, Gore held the "first congressional hearings on the climate change, and co-sponsor[ed] hearings on toxic waste and global warming."

Al Gore

Gore has been involved with environmental issues since 1976, when as a freshman congressman, he held the "first congressional hearings on the climate change, and co-sponsor[ed] hearings on toxic waste and global warming."

Barack Obama

Obama visited the Gulf, announced a federal investigation, and formed a bipartisan commission to recommend new safety standards, after a review by Secretary of the Interior Ken Salazar and concurrent Congressional hearings.

Don't ask, don't tell

The United States Senate held two days of hearings on December 2 and 3, 2010, to consider the CRWG report.

Hillary Clinton

The controversy occurred against the backdrop of Clinton's 2016 presidential election campaign and hearings held by the House Select Committee on Benghazi.


Tony Abbott the Opposition must respect the Government's mandate to overturn the carbon tax.

Tony Abbott

Following the first Gillard Government budget in May 2011, Abbott used his budget-reply speech to reiterate his critiques of government policy and call for an early election over the issue of a carbon tax.

Tony Abbott

On the first day of the new Parliament, Abbott introduced legislation into Parliament to repeal the Carbon Tax, and commenced Operation Sovereign Borders, the Coalition's policy to stop illegal maritime arrivals, which received strong public support.

Tony Abbott

As Opposition Leader, Abbott declared that he accepted that climate change was real and that humans were having an impact on it, but rejected carbon pricing as a means to address the issue, proposing instead to match the Labor government's 5% emissions reduction target through implementation of a plan involving financial incentives for emissions reductions by industry, and support for carbon storage in soils and expanded forests.

Tony Abbott

Upon becoming Leader of the Opposition, Abbott put the question of support for the Government's Carbon Pollution Reduction Scheme (CPRS) to a secret ballot and the Liberal Party voted to reject the policy – overturning an undertaking by Turnbull to support an amended version of the government's scheme.

Tony Abbott

With Abbott as Opposition Leader, the Liberal party opposed a carbon emissions tax and an Emissions Trading Scheme.


Top Scientist Hal Lewis Resigns Over Climate Change Corruption

Arthur D. Levinson

"President Obama Honors Nation's Top Scientists and Innovators".

Bangladesh

However, the country continues to face the challenges of the Rohingya genocide and refugee crisis, corruption, and the erratic effects of climate change.

Developing country

This lack of access to modern energy technology limits income generation, blunts efforts to escape poverty, affects people's health due to indoor air pollution, and contributes to global deforestation and climate change.

Sarah Palin

He was forced to resign in November 2003.

That Hideous Strength

A scientist named Bill Hingest, who is resigning from the N.I.C.E., warns Mark to get out.


U.S. Pays $1 Billion into Green Climate Fund, Top Polluters Pay Nothing

Emissions trading

President Barack Obama in his proposed 2010 United States federal budget wanted to support clean energy development with a 10-year investment of US$15 billion per year, generated from the sale of greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions credits.

Emissions trading

In terms of dollars, the World Bank has estimated that the size of the carbon market was US$11 billion in 2005, $30 billion in 2006, and $64 billion in 2007.

Green Climate Fund

U.S. President Obama committed the US to contributing US$3 billion to the fund.

Paris Agreement

"United States delivers first payment to global climate fund".

Paris Agreement

So far, the Green Climate Fund has now received over $10 billion in pledges.


U.S. Sen. Ron Johnson "led the fight to let polluters release unlimited amounts of carbon pollution and took nearly $225,000 from polluters."

Carbon Pollution Reduction Scheme

AUD 4.8 billion of assistance (in the form of free permits) for the most polluting electricity generators.

Emissions trading

They all put a price on pollution (for example, see carbon price), and so provide an economic incentive to reduce pollution beginning with the lowest-cost opportunities.

Emissions trading

The program caps the amount of carbon dioxide that can be emitted from large installations with a net heat supply in excess of 20 MW, such as power plants and carbon intensive factories and covers almost half (46%) of the EU's Carbon Dioxide emissions.

Emissions trading

The international community began the long process towards building effective international and domestic measures to tackle GHG emissions (carbon dioxide, methane, nitrous oxide, hydroflurocarbons, perfluorocarbons, sulphur hexafluoride) in response to the increasing assertions that global warming is happening due to man-made emissions and the uncertainty over its likely consequences.

Ron Johnson (Wisconsin politician)

Johnson's 2010 Senate campaign raised a total of $15.2 million, $9 million of which was his own money.


U.S. Sen. Ron Johnson voted to let oil and gas companies emit "unlimited carbon pollution into our air"

Emissions trading

If every participant complies, the total pollution emitted will be at most equal to the sum of individual limits.

Emissions trading

Under a cap-and-trade system, permits are issued to various entities for the right to emit GHG emissions that meet emission reduction requirement caps.

Emissions trading

According to the Environmental Defense Fund, cap-and-trade is the most environmentally and economically sensible approach to controlling greenhouse gas emissions, the primary cause of global warming, because it sets a limit on emissions, and the trading encourages companies to innovate in order to emit less.

Emissions trading

Emissions trading

For emissions trading where greenhouse gases are regulated, one emissions permit is considered equivalent to one metric ton of carbon dioxide (CO2) emissions.


Weather Channel Co-Founder John Coleman Calls Global Warming a Hoax

Global warming conspiracy theory

Climate change has also been called the "greatest scam in history" by John Coleman, who co-founded the Weather Channel.

John Coleman (meteorologist)

He has called global warming the "greatest scam in history" and made numerous false or misleading claims about climate science.

John Coleman (meteorologist)

"'Global warming the greatest scam in history' claims founder of Weather Channel".

John Coleman (meteorologist)

"Weather Channel boss calls global warming 'the greatest scam in history'".

The Weather Channel

The Weather Channel was founded on July 18, 1980, by television meteorologist John Coleman (who, at the time of the channel's founding, had formerly served as a chief meteorologist at ABC owned-and-operated station WLS-TV in Chicago and as a forecaster for Good Morning America) and Frank Batten, then-president of the channel's original owner Landmark Communications (now Landmark Media Enterprises).


Weather Channel co-founder John Coleman provided evidence that convincingly refutes the concept of anthropogenic global warming.

Climate change denial

There is no convincing scientific evidence that human release of carbon dioxide, methane, or other greenhouse gases is causing or will, in the foreseeable future, cause catastrophic heating of the Earth's atmosphere and disruption of the Earth's climate.

John Coleman (meteorologist)

Scientific consensus on climate change:144

Scientific consensus on climate change

International Council of Academies of Engineering and Technological Sciences (CAETS) in 2007, issued a Statement on Environment and Sustainable Growth: As reported by the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC), most of the observed global warming since the mid-20th century is very likely due to human-produced emission of greenhouse gases and this warming will continue unabated if present anthropogenic emissions continue or, worse, expand without control.

Scientific consensus on climate change:825

Scientific consensus on climate change

"Climate Scientists Virtually Unanimous Anthropogenic Global Warming Is True".

Scientific consensus on climate change:837

Scientific consensus on climate change

Scientists Reach 100% Consensus on Anthropogenic Global Warming.


Wisconsin employers have repeatedly said in surveys that our anti-business litigation climate is one of the most important factors affecting their expansion decisions.

2011 Wisconsin protests

Another lawsuit was filed by opponents of the Budget Repair Bill, raising claims that public workers could lose their jobs to Wisconsin prisoners by officials who will now have greater leeway to assign those jobs previously reserved for unionized employees.

Google

In 2013, a class action against several Silicon Valley companies, including Google, was filed for alleged "no cold call" agreements which restrained the recruitment of high-tech employees.

United States labor law

The Act has spawned years of litigation by industry groups that have challenged the standards limiting the amount of permitted exposure to chemicals such as benzene.

United States labor law

This has meant that union organizing in the US may involve substantial levels of litigation which most workers cannot afford.

Wisconsin

Walker enacted other bills promoting conservative governance, such as a right-to-work law, abortion restrictions, and legislation removing certain gun controls.


You're going to have an increase in the amount of ice in Antarctica because of global warming.

Antarctica

The amount of surface warming in West Antarctica, while large, has not led to appreciable melting at the surface, and is not directly affecting the West Antarctic Ice Sheet's contribution to sea level.

Antarctica

According to NASA, the most widespread Antarctic surface melting of the past 30 years occurred in 2005, when an area of ice comparable in size to California briefly melted and refroze; this may have resulted from temperatures rising to as high as 5 °C (41 °F).

Effects of global warming

These include the large-scale singularities such as the melting of the Greenland and West Antarctic ice sheets, and changes to the AMOC.

Global warming

Surface temperature increases are greatest in the Arctic, which has contributed to the retreat of glaciers, permafrost, and sea ice.

Global warming

The atmosphere and ocean have warmed, the amounts of snow and ice have diminished, sea level has risen, and the concentrations of greenhouse gases have increased "Myths vs. Facts: Denial of Petitions for Reconsideration of the Endangerment and Cause or Contribute Findings for Greenhouse Gases under Section 202(a) of the Clean Air Act".


cutting speed limits could slow climate change

Climate change adaptation

According to the study, the safest and most predictable method of moderating climate change is early action to reduce GHG emissions.

Climate change adaptation

Holarctic

Melting permafrost may also accelerate climate change in the future.

Scientific consensus on climate change:7

Scientific consensus on climate change

People and nations can act individually and collectively to slow the pace of global warming, while also preparing for unavoidable climate change and its consequences.

White-tailed deer

Climate change is affecting the white tailed deer by changing their migration patterns and increasing their population size.


Bill Gates claims pandemic's 'misery' will 'happen regularly' if climate change is not stopped

Climate change adaptation

The climatic conditions that cause this warning became more frequent because of climate change, and will worsen if temperatures continue to increase.

Climate change feedback

"Loss of soil carbon 'will speed global warming'".

Climate change feedback

"Peat bog gases 'accelerate global warming'".

Climate change mitigation

According to the IPCC's 2014 assessment report, "Mitigation is a public good; climate change is a case of the 'tragedy of the commons'.

Scientific consensus on climate change:38

Scientific consensus on climate change

It said that Continued emission of greenhouse gases will cause further warming and long-lasting changes in all components of the climate system, increasing the likelihood of severe, pervasive and irreversible impacts for people and ecosystems.


Opponents of climate action are getting twice as much airtime as proponents of climate action.

Climate change denial

Between 1989 and 2002 the Global Climate Coalition, a group of mainly United States businesses, used aggressive lobbying and public relations tactics to oppose action to reduce greenhouse gas emissions and fight the Kyoto Protocol.

Climate change denial

Their stories prominently reported how the world's leading climate scientists declared that atmospheric changes were already causing harm, and might cause much more; the scientists called for vigorous government action to restrict greenhouse gases."

Climate change denial

"Conservative groups spend up to $1bn a year to fight action on climate change".

Fox News

Fox News has widely been described as a major platform for climate change denial.

Global warming controversy

The British press also changed its coverage at the end of 1988, following a speech by Margaret Thatcher to the Royal Society advocating action against human-induced climate change.


The lack of any sunspots suggests the current solar minimum is one of the 'deepest' in 100 years.

Coronal cloud

By this point, the sunspots are all but gone.

Maunder Minimum

The Maunder Minimum, also known as the "prolonged sunspot minimum", is the name used for the period around 1645 to 1715 during which sunspots became exceedingly rare, as was then noted by solar observers.

Maunder Minimum

In total, there seem to have been 18 periods of sunspot minima in the last 8,000 years, and studies indicate that the Sun currently spends up to a quarter of its time in these minima.

Sun

At a typical solar minimum, few sunspots are visible, and occasionally none can be seen at all.

Sun

At solar-cycle minimum, the toroidal field is, correspondingly, at minimum strength, sunspots are relatively rare, and the poloidal field is at its maximum strength.


Latest IPCC Reports (AR5) have shown global mean temperature forecasts from the 2005 IPCC report exceeded actual readings.

Effects of global warming

The IPCC's Fifth Report, released in 2014, states that relative to the average from year 1850 to 1900, global surface temperature change by the end of the 21st century is likely to exceed 1.5 °C and may well exceed 2 °C for all RCP scenarios except RCP2.6.

IPCC Fifth Assessment Report

The global surface temperature increase by the end of the 21st century is likely to exceed 1.5 °C relative to the 1850 to 1900 period for most scenarios, and is likely to exceed 2.0 °C for many scenarios The global water cycle will change, with increases in disparity between wet and dry regions, as well as wet and dry seasons, with some regional exceptions.

IPCC Fifth Assessment Report

Compared to the previous report, the lower bounds for the sensitivity of the climate system to emissions were slightly lowered, though the projections for global mean temperature rise (compared to pre-industrial levels) by 2100 exceeded 1.5 °C in all scenarios.

Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change:113

They judge that global mean surface air temperature has increased by 0.3 to 0.6 °C over the last 100 years, broadly consistent with prediction of climate models, but also of the same magnitude as natural climate variability.

Kyoto Protocol

The Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC, 2007) have produced a range of projections of what the future increase in global mean temperature might be.


The global surface mean temperature-change data no longer have any scientific value and are nothing more than a propaganda tool to the public.

Attribution of recent climate change

These data have iconic status in climate change science as evidence of the effect of human activities on the chemical composition of the global atmosphere.

Global warming controversy

Climate scientists, especially in the United States, have reported government and oil-industry pressure to censor or suppress their work and hide scientific data, with directives not to discuss the subject in public communications.

Global warming

It is a major aspect of climate change and has been demonstrated by direct temperature measurements and by measurements of various effects of the warming.

Global warming

The IPCC has adopted the baseline reference period 1850–1900 as an approximation of pre-industrial global mean surface temperature.

Scientific consensus on climate change:238

Scientific consensus on climate change

The target is to show the extent of danger to humanity, create awareness in public that will lead to solutions.


The rate of renewable energy installations in the EU in 2018 was less than half the maximum level achieved in 2010.

Energy policy of the European Union

Although there is significant variation in national targets, the average is that 22% of electricity should be generated by renewables by 2010 (compared to 13,9% in 1997).

Energy policy of the European Union

The European Commission has proposed in its Renewable Energy Roadmap21 a binding target of increasing the level of renewable energy in the EU's overall mix from less than 7% today to 20% by 2020.

Energy policy of the European Union

In January 2014, the EU agreed to a 40% emissions reduction by 2030, compared to 1990 levels, and a 27% renewable energy target, which is expected to provide 70,000 full-time jobs and cut €33bn in fossil fuel imports.

Renewable energy in the European Union:115

Renewable energy in the European Union

Installed Wind power capacity in the European Union totalled 93,957 megawatts (MW) in 2011, enough to supply 6.3% of the EU's electricity.

Renewable energy

Several other countries have achieved relatively high levels of wind power penetration, such as 21% of stationary electricity production in Denmark, 18% in Portugal, 16% in Spain, and 14% in Ireland in 2010 and have since continued to expand their installed capacity.


Past Australian droughts occurred when global temperatures were lower than now and wetter years occurred when such temperatures were rising.

2019–20 Australian bushfire season

Although Australia has naturally experienced high rainfall variability and hot summers for millennia, the country has experienced an increase of nearly 1.0 °C (1.8 °F) in average annual temperatures since 1900, decreases in average rainfall in southeastern Australia since 1990, with the country's worst recorded droughts occurring within the 21st century.

Bushfires in Australia

Australia's climate has warmed by more than one degree Celsius over the past century, causing an increase in the frequency and intensity of heatwaves and droughts.

Effects of global warming on human health:518

Climate change leads to a warmer ground temperature and its effects include earlier snowmelt dates, drier than expected vegetation, increased number of potential fire days, increased occurrence of summer droughts, and a prolonged dry season.

El Niño–Southern Oscillation

El Niño events cause short-term (approximately 1 year in length) spikes in global average surface temperature while La Niña events cause short term cooling.

Global warming

Overall, higher temperatures bring more rain and snowfall, but for some regions droughts and wildfires increase instead.


Any action by Australia to reduce emissions of fossil fuels would not help to protect the reef unless there is an effective international agreement by major emitters.

Climate change mitigation

The Montreal Protocol is an international treaty that has successfully reduced emissions of ozone-depleting substances (for example, CFCs), which are also greenhouse gases.

Emissions trading

The international community began the long process towards building effective international and domestic measures to tackle GHG emissions (carbon dioxide, methane, nitrous oxide, hydroflurocarbons, perfluorocarbons, sulphur hexafluoride) in response to the increasing assertions that global warming is happening due to man-made emissions and the uncertainty over its likely consequences.

Kyoto Protocol

This led to a massive contraction of their heavy industry-based economies, with associated reductions in their fossil fuel consumption and emissions.

Kyoto Protocol

The 2010 Cancún agreements include voluntary pledges made by 76 developed and developing countries to control their emissions of greenhouse gases.

Paris Agreement

The agreement stated that it would enter into force (and thus become fully effective) only if 55 countries that produce at least 55% of the world's greenhouse gas emissions (according to a list produced in 2015) ratify, accept, approve or accede to the agreement.


There are fundamental faults in the statistical and scientific analyses used to justify the need for early and comprehensive mitigatory action by governments.

Hydrology

Using various analytical methods and scientific techniques, they collect and analyze data to help solve water related problems such as environmental preservation, natural disasters, and water management.

Meta-analysis

Conceptually, a meta-analysis uses a statistical approach to combine the results from multiple studies in an effort to increase power (over individual studies), improve estimates of the size of the effect and/or to resolve uncertainty when reports disagree.

Reliability engineering

To derive these requirements in an effective manner, a systems engineering-based risk assessment and mitigation logic should be used.

Reliability engineering

Determine the best mitigation and get agreement on final, acceptable risk levels, possibly based on cost/benefit analysis.

Sociology

For example, an influential recent work in the field relies on statistical analyses to argue that the increase in incarceration in the US over the last 30 years is due to changes in law and policing and not to an increase in crime; and that this increase has significantly contributed to the persistence of racial stratification.


Recent research also indicates that the quantity of fossil fuels staying in the atmosphere is much less than previously thought.

Greenhouse gas

(2007) concluded that unless energy policies changed substantially, the world would continue to depend on fossil fuels until 2025–2030.

Greenhouse gas

Projections suggest that more than 80% of the world's energy will come from fossil fuels.

Natural gas

While the lifetime of atmospheric methane is relatively short when compared to carbon dioxide, with a half-life of about 7 years, it is more efficient at trapping heat in the atmosphere, so that a given quantity of methane has 84 times the global-warming potential of carbon dioxide over a 20-year period and 28 times over a 100-year period.

Ozone depletion

Recent research (primarily since the Montreal Protocol) shows that many humans have less than optimal vitamin D levels.

Scientific consensus on climate change:77

Scientific consensus on climate change

Human activities, primarily the burning of fossil fuels (coal, oil, and natural gas), and secondarily the clearing of land, have increased the concentration of carbon dioxide, methane, and other heat-trapping ("greenhouse") gases in the atmosphere...There is international scientific consensus that most of the warming observed over the last 50 years is attributable to human activities.


contrary to the hypothesis that rising temperature is caused by increasing CO2.

Carbon dioxide

Increases in atmospheric concentrations of CO 2 and other long-lived greenhouse gases such as methane, nitrous oxide and ozone have correspondingly strengthened their absorption and emission of infrared radiation, causing the rise in average global temperature since the mid-20th century.

Carbon dioxide

Not only do increasing carbon dioxide concentrations lead to increases in global surface temperature, but increasing global temperatures also cause increasing concentrations of carbon dioxide.

Fred Singer

Singer argues, contrary to the scientific consensus on climate change, that there is no evidence that global warming is attributable to human-caused increases in atmospheric carbon dioxide, and that humanity would benefit if temperatures do rise.

Fred Singer

Singer argues there is no evidence that the increases in carbon dioxide produced by humans cause global warming, and that if temperatures do rise it will be good for humankind.

Global warming

In the scientific literature, there is an overwhelming consensus that global surface temperatures have increased in recent decades and that the trend is caused mainly by human-induced emissions of greenhouse gases.


CO2 is a greenhouse gas but is clearly subordinate to water vapour and other more significant factors determining global climate.

Carbon dioxide

While transparent to visible light, carbon dioxide is a greenhouse gas, absorbing and emitting infrared radiation at its two infrared-active vibrational frequencies (see the section "Structure and bonding" above).

Carbon dioxide

Fossil fuel

Carbon dioxide is a greenhouse gas that increases radiative forcing and contributes to global warming along with ocean acidification.

Greenhouse gas

The primary greenhouse gases in Earth's atmosphere are water vapor (H2O), carbon dioxide (CO2), methane (CH4), nitrous oxide (N2O), and ozone (O3).

Water vapor

Being a component of Earth's hydrosphere and hydrologic cycle, it is particularly abundant in Earth's atmosphere where it is also a potent greenhouse gas along with other gases such as carbon dioxide and methane.


The Millennium Drought starting in 1997 and ending in 2010 was misinterpreted as a long term trend as a consequence of Climate Change.

Climate change (general concept)

Climate change occurs when changes in Earth's climate system result in new weather patterns that remain in place for an extended period of time.

Climate change adaptation

Much adaptation takes place in relation to short-term climate variability, however this may cause maladaptation to longer-term climatic trends.

Climate change in Australia

He says that the drought in Australia is already 8 years long.

Drought

The long Australian Millennial drought broke in 2010.

Physical impacts of climate change

In addition, many areas are experiencing higher than normal droughts.


Nor is there any evidence that levels as high as 7,000 ppm of CO2 did or could cause ocean acidity.

Carbon dioxide

This has caused an increase in hydrogen ion (acidity) of about 30% since the start of the industrial age through a process known as "ocean acidification."

Carbonic acid

It has been estimated that the extra dissolved carbon dioxide has caused the ocean's average surface pH to shift by about −0.1 unit from pre-industrial levels.

Global warming

Higher atmospheric CO2 concentrations have led to an increase in dissolved CO2, which causes ocean acidification.

PH

It plays an important role in the ocean's carbon cycle, and there is evidence of ongoing ocean acidification caused by carbon dioxide emissions.

Snowball Earth

Firstly, the high carbon dioxide concentration in the atmosphere would cause the oceans to become acidic, and dissolve any carbonates contained within—starkly at odds with the deposition of cap carbonates.


During the period 1940 to 1976 there was a cooling of the climate despite increasing CO2 levels.

Carbon dioxide

Increases in atmospheric concentrations of CO 2 and other long-lived greenhouse gases such as methane, nitrous oxide and ozone have correspondingly strengthened their absorption and emission of infrared radiation, causing the rise in average global temperature since the mid-20th century.

Climate sensitivity

Climate sensitivity is the globally averaged temperature change in response to changes in radiative forcing, which can occur, for instance, due to increased levels of carbon dioxide (CO 2).

Global cooling

By the 1970s, scientists were becoming increasingly aware that estimates of global temperatures showed cooling since 1945, as well as the possibility of large scale warming due to emissions of greenhouse gases.

Global cooling

The general public had little awareness of carbon dioxide's effects on climate, but Science News in May 1959 forecast a 25% increase in atmospheric carbon dioxide in the 150 years from 1850 to 2000, with a consequent warming trend.

Ice age

An ice age is a long period of reduction in the temperature of the Earth's surface and atmosphere, resulting in the presence or expansion of continental and polar ice sheets and alpine glaciers.


Over the past one million years climate cycles ranging from Ice Ages to warmer periods have been caused by changing levels of energy from the sun, planetary alignments and ocean currents.

Climate

Earth has undergone periodic climate shifts in the past, including four major ice ages.

Climate

Suggested causes of ice age periods include the positions of the continents, variations in the Earth's orbit, changes in the solar output, and volcanism.

Climate

Alterations in the quantity of atmospheric greenhouse gases determines the amount of solar energy retained by the planet, leading to global warming or global cooling.

Ice age

Earth's climate alternates between ice ages and greenhouse periods, during which there are no glaciers on the planet.

Ice age

The Milankovitch cycles are a set of cyclic variations in characteristics of the Earth's orbit around the Sun.


The increase in atmospheric methane, a greenhouse gas, in the latter part of the 20th century was explained as coming from expansion of grazing and rice cultivation, but the cause was found to be leaking gas pipelines in the Soviet Union which are now being properly managed and maintained.

Atmospheric methane

The cause of the 1998 spike is unresolved, but scientists are currently attributing it to a combination of increased wetland and rice field emissions as well as an increased amount of biomass burning.

Atmospheric methane

In accordance with the IPCC and other natural gas emissions control groups, measurements had to be taken throughout the pipeline to measure methane emissions from technological discharges and leaks at the pipeline fittings and vents.

Atmospheric methane

Although the majority of the natural gas leaks were carbon dioxide, a significant amount of methane was also being consistently released from the pipeline as a result of leaks and breakdowns.

Holocene extinction

The correlation between the decrease of CO2 in the Pleistocene and the increase of it during the Holocene implies that the causation of this spark of greenhouse gases into the atmosphere was the growth of human agriculture during the Holocene such as the anthropogenic expansion of (human) land use and irrigation.

Methane

Methane is an important greenhouse gas with a global warming potential of 34 compared to CO2 (potential of 1) over a 100-year period, and 72 over a 20-year period.


Global methane levels published by CSIRO are now relatively stable showing fluctuations during El Nino events.

La Niña

"Linear trends in sea surface temperature of the tropical Pacific Ocean and implications for the El Niño-Southern Oscillation".

La Niña

"Contrasting the termination of moderate and extreme El Niño events in coupled general circulation models".

La Niña

La Niña is the positive and cold phase of the El Niño–Southern Oscillation, and is associated with cooler-than-average sea surface temperatures in the central and eastern tropical Pacific Ocean.

Methane

The Curiosity rover has documented seasonal fluctuations of atmospheric methane levels on Mars.

Methane

These fluctuations peaked at the end of the Martian summer at 0.6 parts per billion.


Heat Waves are increasing at an alarming rate and heat kills.

2006 North American heat wave

The Summer 2006 North American heat wave was a severe heat wave that affected most of the United States and Canada, killing at least 225 people and bringing extreme heat to many locations.

Heat wave

Also more than 2,000 people died in Karachi, Pakistan in June 2015 due to a severe heat wave with temperatures as high as 49 °C (120 °F).

Heat wave

In every society, crime rates go up when temperatures go up, particularly violent crimes such as assault, murder, and rape.

Heat wave

"The Impact of Heat Waves and Cold Spells on Mortality Rates in the Dutch Population".

Heat wave

Severe heat waves have caused catastrophic crop failures, thousands of deaths from hyperthermia, and widespread power outages due to increased use of air conditioning.


Global warming is causing more hurricanes and stronger hurricanes.

Global warming

The maximum rainfall and wind speed from hurricanes and typhoons are likely increasing.

Global warming

The effects of global warming include rising sea levels, regional changes in precipitation, more frequent extreme weather events such as heat waves, and expansion of deserts.

Hurricane Sandy

Their report also states that due to global warming the number of future hurricanes will "either decrease or remain essentially unchanged" overall, but the ones that do form will likely be stronger, with fiercer winds and heavier rains.

Hurricane Sandy

As the temperature of the atmosphere increases, the capacity to hold water increases, leading to stronger storms and higher rainfall amounts.

Scientific consensus on climate change:715

Scientific consensus on climate change

As the Earth's climate warms, we are seeing many changes: stronger, more destructive hurricanes; heavier rainfall; more disastrous flooding; more areas of the world experiencing severe drought; and more heat waves."


Global warming is increasing the magnitude and frequency of droughts and floods.

Global warming

Overall, higher temperatures bring more rain and snowfall, but for some regions droughts and wildfires increase instead.

Global warming

Climate change also increases droughts and heat waves that inhibit plant growth, which makes it uncertain whether this balancing feedback will persist in the future.

Global warming

Since the 1950s, droughts and heat waves have appeared simultaneously with increasing frequency.

Global warming

Global warming


Global warming is causing snow to disappear.

Global warming

Surface temperature increases are greatest in the Arctic, which has contributed to the retreat of glaciers, permafrost, and sea ice.

Global warming

Global warming has led to decades of shrinking and thinning of the Arctic sea ice, making it vulnerable to atmospheric anomalies.

Global warming

This effect results in the increased absorption of radiation that accelerates melting."

Global warming

While aerosols typically limit global warming by reflecting sunlight, black carbon in soot that falls on snow or ice can contribute to global warming.

Global warming

Not only does this increase the absorption of sunlight, it also increases melting and sea level rise.


Arctic, Antarctic and Greenland ice loss is accelerating due to global warming.

Arctic

The effects of global warming in the Arctic include rising temperatures, loss of sea ice, and melting of the Greenland ice sheet.

Climate change in the Arctic

The effects of global warming in the Arctic, or climate change in the Arctic include rising air and water temperatures, loss of sea ice, and melting of the Greenland ice sheet with a related cold temperature anomaly, observed since the 1970s.

Deglaciation

Around much of Earth, deglaciation during the last 100 years has been accelerating as a result of climate change, partly brought on by anthropogenic changes to greenhouse gases.

North Pole

The retreat of the Arctic sea ice will accelerate global warming, as less ice cover reflects less solar radiation, and may have serious climate implications by contributing to Arctic cyclone generation.

Sea level rise

This acceleration is due mostly to human-caused global warming, which is driving thermal expansion of seawater and the melting of land-based ice sheets and glaciers.


Global warming responsible for record 2019 July warmth in Alaska.

Arctic sea ice decline

"Absurd January Warmth in Arctic Brings Record-Low Sea Ice Extent".

Attribution of recent climate change:151

Attribution of recent climate change

(2012) stated that a combination of natural weather variability and human-induced global warming was responsible for the Moscow and Texas heat waves.

Global warming

Global warming

"What caused the recent "Warm Arctic, Cold Continents" trend pattern in winter temperatures?".

Global warming

Since 1950, the number of cold days and nights have decreased, and the number of warm days and night have increased.


Rising atmospheric CO2 concentrations are causing ocean acidification, which is catastrophically harming marine life.

Carbon dioxide

As the concentration of carbon dioxide increases in the atmosphere, the increased uptake of carbon dioxide into the oceans is causing a measurable decrease in the pH of the oceans, which is referred to as ocean acidification.

Carbon dioxide

Carbon dioxide also causes ocean acidification because it dissolves in water to form carbonic acid.

Global warming

Higher atmospheric CO2 concentrations have led to an increase in dissolved CO2, which causes ocean acidification.

Ocean acidification

Ocean acidification is the ongoing decrease in the pH of the Earth's oceans, caused by the uptake of carbon dioxide (CO 2) from the atmosphere.

Pollution

Carbon dioxide emissions cause ocean acidification, the ongoing decrease in the pH of the Earth's oceans as CO 2 becomes dissolved.